There are three primary stages in the
Information and Processing Theory:
Encoding- information is
sensed, perceived, and attended.
Storage- the information is
stored for either a brief or extended period of time depending upon the processes
following encoding
Retrieval- The information is
found at the appropriate time, and reactivated for use on a current task, the
true test of effective memory.
The initial appeal of information processing
theories was the idea that cognitive processes could be described in a
stage-like model. The stages to processing follow a path along which
information is taken into the memory system, and reactivated when necessary.
Most theories of information processing center around three main stages in the
memory process.
Sensory Register
The first step in the IP model hold
ALL sensory information for a VERY BRIEF time period.
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Capacity:
we hold an enormous amount, more that we can ever perceive.
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Duration:
Extremely brief- in order of 1 to 3 seconds
The Role of Attention
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To
move information into consciousness, we need to attend to it. That is, we only
have the ability to perceive and remember later those things that pass through
the attention gate.
Short Term Memory (working Memory)
Capacity: What you can say about in 2
seconds. Often said to be 7+/ 2 items.
to be 7+/_2 items.
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Duration:
Around 18 seconds or less
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To
reduce the loss of information in 18 seconds, you need to rehearse
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There
are two types of rehearsal- Maintenance and Elaborative
Long Term Memory - the final storing
house of memorial information, the long term memory store holds information
until needed again.
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Capacity:
unlimited?
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Duration:
indefinite?
Executive Control
Processes
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Also
known as executive processor, or Metacognitive skills
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Guide
the flow of information through the system, helps the learner make informed
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Example
processes-attention, rehearsals, organization
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Sometimes
call METACOGNITVE SKILLS
The
ability to access information when needed
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There
are two main ways in which forgetting likely occurs:
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Decay-Information
is not attended to, and eventually fades away.
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Very
prevalent in working memory.
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Inference-New
or old information blocks‘ access to the information in question.
Methods for Increasing the Probability of Remembering
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Organization-
info that is organized efficiently should be recalled
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Deep
processing- This is focusing upon meaning.
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Elaboration-
Connecting new info with old, to gain meaning.
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Generation-
Things we produce are easier to remember than things we hear.
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Context-Remembering
the situation helps recover information
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Personalization-
making the information relevant to the individual
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Memory
Methods
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Memorization
(note the same as learning)
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Serial
Position Effect (regency and primacy) you will remember the beginning and end
of list most readily
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Part
Learning - Break up the list to increase memorization
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Distributed
Practice- Break up learning sessions, rather than cramming all the info in at
once (Massed Practice)
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Mnemonics
Aids
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Loci
Method - Familiar place, associate list with items in place (i.e. living room)
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Peg-type
- Standard list is a cue to the target list.
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Acronym
– SCUBA
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Chain
Mnemonics – EGBDF
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Key
word Method - Association of new word/ concept with well know word/concept that
sounds similar.