Human act - Is an act that proceeds from the deliberate free will of man
Types of Human Acts: Good, Evil, Indifferent
• Good - Is in harmony with
the dictates of right reason
• Evil - Is in opposition to
the dictates of reason
• Indifferent - Is when it stands
in no positive relation to the dictates.
Elements of Human Acts: Knowledge,
Freedom, and Voluntariness
Modifiers of Human Acts: Ignorance,
Concupiscence, Fear, Violence, and Habit Properties of Value: Relative,
Subjective, Objective, Bipolar, and Hierarchal
• Relative - Is the subject to
change, good for what and for whom
• Bipolar - Is good and bad
such as beautiful-ugly
• Subjective - Is good for one
but not for others
• Objective - Has an absolute
character
• Hierarchal - Is scaled
graduation and according to priority
Classifications of Values - Useful or
utilitarian, Pleasurable or delectable, Befitting or becoming good, Accidental
values, Natural human values, Primary values, and Secondary values,
Moral/Ethical, Religious, Cultural Value, and Social values
• Useful or Utilitarian - Is where other
useful things are obtained from it
• Accidental values - Are temporal,
impermanent and variable.
• Natural human values - Befit man every place
at every time
• Primary values - Are chosen, acted
upon, necessary for authentic development of man and is chosen from
alternatives
• Secondary values - Are obligatory
values
• Moral/Ethical - Are obligatory in
character and is the basic and urgent in life and activities of man
• Religious - Is the ultimate
Divine Value
• Cultural Value - Includes poetry,
music, painting, and unique characteristics important to a culture
• Social Values - Are friendship,
family ties and the likes
Defective Norms of Morality: Hedonism,
Utilitarianism, Moral Rationalism, Moral Evolution, Moral Positivism, Moral
Sensism, and Communism
·
Hedonism- Is the belief that morality is determined
by the acquisition of pleasure
·
Hierarchy of Values - Is knowledge, honor, money, business, pleasure
and passion
·
Utilitarianism - Refers to actions that are geared toward
the total amount of happiness that one can achieve Max Scheller's Hierarchy of
Values - Pleasure values, vital or welfare values, spiritual or cultural and
sacred
·
Types of Utilitarianism – Are individual or egoism, and social or
altruism, which is the greatest good for the greatest number
·
Defective norms of morality - Are the different
philosophical beliefs about morality which somehow do not conform to the
universally accepted standards of human morality
·
Moral rationalism - Is the belief that human reason is the sole
source of all moral laws advocated by Immanuel Kant of Persia
·
Moral
Evolutionism - Is the idea that morality is not absolute but keeps on changing
until such time that it reaches the perfect state, which is advocated by
Friedrich Nietzsche Humanism -Was a philosophy that rejected supernaturalism,
regarded man as a natural object and asserted the essential dignity and worth
of man and his capacity to achieve self realization through the use of reason
and scientific method
·
Moral Positivism - Advocates that state laws are the bases of
all moral laws, ergo it is good if it is in accordance with the laws and
anything that opposes the state laws must be rejected as advocated by Thomas
Hobbes
·
Realism - Is the type of education in which natural
phenomena and social institutions rather than language and literature are made
the chief subjects if study. Advocates that education should be concerned with
the actualities of life and prepare for its concrete duties
·
Moral Sensism - Is the belief that man is endowed with
special moral sense that can distinguish good or evil meaning that an action is
moral if it is in harmony with this human sense and immoral if not in harmony
with this sense
· Disciplinism - Asserted that the mind is made up of certain faculties such as memory, reason, will, judgment, etc. And each of which needs special activities for its training and development
·
Communism - Is an economic theory, which is based on
the ideals of a classless society, which denies the existence of God, views
religion as opium and does not recognize human freedom and immortality of man's
soul