Education is
as old as life itself. No one can present an accurate account concerning the
origin of education. There are 2 opposing school of thoughts when it comes to
origin of education.
1. Evolutionist –
education started form primitive people. Some of these evolutionists do not
believe in any type of god. Others believe in one or more gods who are not
involved in the process.
2. Creationist - education started
from Adam and Eve
Modern day education owes
much of it system to the institutions established by the ancient civilizations
of China, India, Israel, Egypt, Greece and Rome
Chinese Education
• Chinese are descendants from the rivers banks
of Huang Ho and Yangtze River.
•
Aimed at selecting and training people for
public services.
• Emphasis on modeling a person‘s character and
moral values.
• Believed that government has responsibility
to provide education
• Centered on the mastery of Chinese language
and classical literature particularly the work of Confucius (the first teacher
in China).
• Analects- the most revered Chinese classical
literature which contains the sayings of Confucius.
Egyptian Education
•
Egyptians were polytheist people (worshippers
of many gods)
•
Pharaohs were considered their god and king
•
Priest and scribes were teachers of noble
class
•
Parents were teachers of lower class or
fellahin
•
Education was highly practical and empirical
•
They devised a system of picture writing
called hieroglyphics.
• Provide the modern world with the basic
foundation of education, art, music, literature, mathematics, engineering,
architecture, astronomy, geography, geology, medicine etc.
Greek Education
•
Ancient Greece was divided into several
Poleis (small city-states)
•
Greeks were mixture of Germanic and Aryan
stock ( strong race)
•
Sparta and Athens were two or more popular
poleis
•
Constant struggle between Sparta and Athens
resulted in Peloponnesian War which lasted for 27 years.
Spartan Education
•
Sparta was the largest polis
•
Purely military city-state
•
Mothers functioned as state nurses
•
At age 7 boys were turned over to Paidonomus
- a military commander who cared for boys until age 18
•
Boys stayed with the paidonomoud
•
At 18 boys prepare for the military training
•
At 20 get assigned for actual war
•
At 30 they are compelled to many
•
Girl‘s education was limited to the
instructions given by their mothers
•
Because of their system, there was no famous
Spartan
Athenian Education
•
Men
sana en coporesano‘ (sound mind sound body). This is the ultimate aim of
Athenian education
•
Democratic
form of living, democracy is the lasting legacy of Athens to the world
•
Athens
preserved the family
•
All
schools were private
•
Boys
were separated from girls
•
Form
0-7 yr. old, boys stayed at home received training form Paidogogus ( an
educated slave)
•
Palaestra
- a public gymnasium were boys had their physical training under a Paedotribe
•
Pentathlon
(running, jumping, discus, javelin and wrestling
•
Kitharistes-
music teacher, teaches poetry like lliad and Odyssey
•
Grammarian
- Writing teacher
•
At
18 if Athenian boy finished his training he will be called an Ephebos ( novice
citizen), after
•
The
Sophist ( New Class of Teachers)
•
Sophist
were well traveled men who were mostly non-citizen of Athens, they offered new
perspective in learning through declamation and oration, grammar, rhetoric,
critical and reflective thinking. Protagoras - Chief of the Sophist
The 3 Great Educational Theorists:
1.
Socrates - he postulated‖ know thyself‖ and accepted the
fundamental principles of Protagoras that man is the measure of all things
2.
Plato – wrote the ―Republic‖, he advocated a
government which he termed Aristocratic Socialism (philosophical king, warrior
and artisan)
3.
Aristotle - father of modern sciences
Greek Universities:
1. Rhetorical Schools ( founded by Sophists)
2. Philosophical Schools
a. Academy- founded by
Plato
b. Lyceum- founded by
Aristotle
c.
School
of Stoics- by Zeno
d. Epicurean-by Epicurus
3. Combined Rhetorical and Philosophical School
a.
University
of Athens-most teachers were Sophist supported by Athenian Government bust
disappeared when Constantine declared Christianity as official religion
4. School Outside Greece- University of
Alexandra (Egypt) Built in honor of Alexander the Great Famous Alumni - Euclid
(geometry), Eratosthenes (Geography and Astronomy), Archimedes (Physics)
Roman
Education-
Pragmatic education-strived to find practical application of the knowledge they
acquired and activities they pursued.
a.
Early
Roman Education (home based education)
b.
Hellenized
Roman education- started when Rome‘s contact with Greek civilization then
finally conquering Greece.
Stages of Roman Education:
1. Elementary (7-10) = Literator
2. Secondary (10-16) =Grammaticus
3. Higher Education (16 up) = Rhetorical
Medieval Education
•
Medieval
education started when the roman empire fell around 400 Ad
•
Christianity
was declared as the official religion of the state by Constantine the Great,
therefore Catholics grew in number and power
•
Hierarchy
of Church in Middle ages:
1. Pope-leader of the church and held office in
Rome
2. Cardinal
3. Archbishop
4. Bishop
5. Priest/Clergy
Movements during middle Ages
1.
Monasticism -
advocated by St. Benedict. They were called as ”monks” and stayed in
monasteries which serve as repositories of classical literature.
2.
Scholasticism
-―Education as an intellectual discipline.
Anseim - Father of
Scholasticism
Abelard - One of the famous
schoolmen
St. Thomas Aquinas -
wrote “SummaTheolagiae”(official doctrine of Catholic Church)
Early
School during middle Ages
•
Catechumenal School -
―catechumens‖ are new converts, they held their classes in
small churches
•
Catechetical School -
for in-depth training in religion
•
Episcopal/Cathedral School -
organized by bishop to train clergy
The
Medieval University
•
The most important contribution of the middle
ages
•
The first universities focused on teaching
medicine
•
University of Napes (the first organized
university
Composition
of Medieval University
1.
Stadium Generale ( entire studentry)
2.
Nation (students and teachers who came from
same place of origin)
3.
Councilor (leader of Nation)
4.
Facultas (teachers who teaches the same
subjects
5.
Dean (leader of Facultas)
6.
Rector (chosen by councilors and facultas)
Degree Offered by Medieval University
•
At 13 to 14, a boy may enter a university and
study Liberal Arts
•
At 21 teach younger boys
•
At 25 writethesis
•
If the students pass the thesis defense he
will receive Licential Docebdi
•
Renaissance Period (the peak of Arts and
Sciences)- Renaissance is considered the start of modern period
•
Reformation Period- Martin Luther nailed his
95 theses containing the abuses of the church to the door of his church.
•
Counter Reformation =to win back protestants,
the pope assigned 3 congregations to head counter-reformation.
1.
Brothers of Christian School (founded by St.
La Salle)
2.
Society of Jesus ( founded by St. Francis of
Loyola)
3.
Jansenites ( founded by St. Cyrene)
Notable Names in Education
•
Socrates -―know thy self‖
•
Plato - wrote the ―Republic‖
•
Aristotle - Father of Modern Sciences
•
Ciero - Wrote the ―Oratore‖
•
Quintillian - Wrote‖
Institution Oratoria‖ he was a famous Grammaticus
•
Anselm - father of scholasticism
•
Abelard - spearheaded Conceptualism
•
St. Thomas Aquinas - ―wrote‖
Summa Theolgiae‖
•
Erasmus - suggested that education be in
accordance with the needs of society, he was a humanist who advocated the
importance of studying the character of the child
•
Ascham - wrote the ―Schoolmaster‖
condemning brutal punishment in English schools during his time.
•
John Amos Comenius - father of modern
education, he wrote the first picture book‖Orbis
Senualium Pictus‖
•
Mulcaster - said that‖
Education should be in accordance with nature‖
•
John Locke-―tabula rasa‘ ( blank sheet)
•
John Jacques Rosseau - wrote‖Emile‖
(Education should be in accordance with the nature of the child)
•
Pestallozzi - defined education as natural
,symmetrical and harmonious development of the faculties of the child
•
Herbart - conceived education as aimed
towards the development of morality and virtue. He is famous for the Herbatian
Method in psychology
•
Froebel - father of kindergarden
•
John Dewey - ―Education is not preparation
for life, it is life‖
•
St.John Baptiste de la Salle - patron saint
of teachers
•
Maria Montessori - advocated the child-
centered education and prepared environment