Jocano
(1998) proposed a social framework that could be used as basis
for understanding the relationships and interaction between and among groups in
the Philippine education setting. The Framework shows the interlocking and
interfacing of relationships of kinship and family, socialization practices and
cultural themes that impact on the school system.
• Culture
- is the complex whole which includes the customs, beliefs, more, folkways of a
certain group of people.
• Education
is transferring of culture
• Sub-Culture
- specialized from culture practiced by a small group of people which shows
uniqueness compared to other groups.
• Norm
- what is considered‖ normal‖ is
basically based on the number of people practicing a certain behavior.
Kinds of Groups
A group can be defined as a unit in which different
personalities with different interdependence roles and status interacts. There
are different kinds of groups; these are the Primary, the Secondary, the In-Group, the Out-Group, the Peer Group, the
Reference Group and the Voluntary Associations.
a. The
Primary Group is a group by which there is
an intimate, there is face to face, there is informal as well as personal
relationship among the members such as the ―family‖
b. The
Secondary Group is a group by which there is
an impersonal, there is an informal, and there is a contractual, business-like
as well as casual relationship among the members such as the ―religion‖ or ―school‖.
c. The
In-Group is a group by which the member feels to have
been given a sense of belongingness.
d. The
Out-Group is a group by which an individual feels some
indifferences, dislike, strangeness, antagonism or hatred.
e. The
Peer Group is a group by which the members are almost in
the same age as well as social and economic status. The Peer Group comes in
different types; the Play-Group, the Gang and the Clique.
f. The
Play-Group is common among the children; there could be
a minimum or no adult supervision in this group; it is also spontaneous and
informal.
g. The
Gang
is
a group by which there is a recognized leader. The members are expected to
follow their rules of behaviors; they have a definite place to stay, meeting time
and they have planned activities. Sometimes, they even have a password.
h. The
Clique is a group by which the members have the same
line of thinking as well as interest.
i. The
Reference Group is a group by which an
individual or a member identifies him or herself consciously or unconsciously.
This kind of group is more likely on identification and not really on the
actual membership.
j. The
Voluntary Association is a group by which the
members tend to join together because of their common needs, decisions, aims or
goal.
Types of Groups:
a. Integrated
group - the members have common action in shared
meanings and values
b. Crowed-
members act together on the basis of a shared emotion and feelings, as in
religious revival meetings, revolutionary mob or a panic.
c. Audience
or mass - members act together on the basis of a
common attitudes without interaction among members; like people at film
showing.
d. Public -
this refers a number of people in some form of community come to a common
agreement who have common interest but do not necessarily come to a common
agreement.
Social Institution: According
to Anthony Giddens, Social Institutions are‖
enduring features of social life‖. It
is a complex of positions, norms and social relations performing a social role.
Social institutions includes government, families, and other groups of people
with recognizable social interaction and norms of conduct.
Characteristics:
1.
Social Purpose-institution satisfy social
needs
2.
Permanence-institution are relatively
permanent
3.
Enforcing rules and regulations- institution
governs behavior
4.
Promotes values- institution exerts social
pressure regarding right conduct
Major Social Institutions
1. Family – is a group of
people affiliated by consanguinity, affinity and co-residence. It is the
smallest social institution. One of the primary function of the family is to
produce and reproduce persons both biologically and socially (in cases of
adoption).
a.
Conjugal Family-includes
the husband, wife, and children who are not of age yet.
b.
Consanguinity Family-
consist of a parent and his or her children, and other people.
c.
Matrilocal Family-
consists of a mother and her children
2. Education is the transmission
of knowledge is the primary purpose of education. As a social institution
school has the following purpose.
1. Intellectual -
schools teach basic knowledge and skills commonly known as the 3 Rs and
eventually developing their HOTS (higher order thinking skills)
2. Political - schools develop
allegiance to the country and promotes patriotism
3. Social - schools develop
person‘s ability to interact with fellow human being
4. Economic - schools prepare
the person to achieve suitable occupational endeavors
3. Religion: According to Stark
religion is the ―socially defined patterns of beliefs concerning the ultimate
meaning of life; it assumes the existence of the supernatural‖ and
has a characteristics like:
1. Belief in the higher being (deity)
2. Doctrine of salvation
3. A code of conduct
4. Religious rituals
4. Government: A government is an
institution entrusted with making and enforcing the rules of a society as well
as with regulating relations with other societies. In order to be considered a
government, aruling bodymust be recognized as such by thepeople it purpose to
govern.
Types of Government
a. Democracy -
is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or
elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as a
parliament.
b. Monarchy -
is this system or form of government. A monarch, such as a king or queen, rules
a kingdom or empire. In a constitutional monarchy, the monarch's power is
limited by a constitution. But in an absolute monarchy, the monarch has
unlimited power.
c.
Authoritarianism - is
a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited.
d. Totalitarianism -
is a form of government that seeks to subordinate all aspects of individual
life to the authority of the state.
Social Problems -
growing groups and countries experience various societal problem brought about
by various factors.
• Juvenile delinquency, Crime, Alcoholism, Suicide, Drug
addiction, Racial prejudice, Industrial conflict, Poverty and Graft and
corruption
Social Control -
refers to the ways in which members of a society influence one another so as to
maintain social order.
• Informal
Social Control includes Mores and folkways, Expectations not written down but
perceived and made known to him, Pressure to conform, Internalizing the values
and attitudes of family, Helping the child to understand and norms of the
bigger group and Desire for acceptance of the bigger group
• Formal
Social Control includes Passage of law, Formal mechanism to maintain control
over the behavior of its members, Tendency to level an individual who is out of
line and gossip and Curbing anti-social attitudes by disallowing privacy or
ascribing undesirable status to deviants.
Social process-sociologist
have noted that social change occurs in patterns and these patterns are called
social process, this is also used to interpret social behavior.
Classification of Social Process:
• Competition -
an impersonal attempt to gain scare and valued resources of wealth, land etc.
• Conflict -
involves the use of deliberate power
• Accommodation -
is the conscious adjustment and compromise among conflicting groups to live
without conflict
• Assimilation
-
is the learning and acceptance by one group of the beliefs and values of
another groups so that they gradually become virtually indistinguishable.
Characteristics of Culture
1. Culture is Learned
2. Pakikipagkapwa tao
3. Family orientation
4. Joy and humor
5. Flexibility, adaptability, creativity
6. Hard work and industry
7. Faith and religiosity
8. Ability to survive
Weakness of the Filipino
Character
1. Extreme personalism
2. Extreme family centeredness
3. Lack of discipline
4. Passivity and lack of initiative
5. Colonial mentality
6. Kanya-kanya syndrome
7. Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection