The Belmont Report articulated three primary ethical principles on which standards of ethical conduct in research are based.
Concealment is the collection of information without participant's knowledge and thus without their consent.
Deception involves the deliberate withholding of information about the study or providing participants with false information.
Informed consent means that participants have adequate information regarding the research, are capable of comprehending information, and have the power of free choice, enabling them to consent to or decline participation voluntarily.
Plagiarism involves the appropriation of someone's ideas, results or words without giving due credit, including information obtained through the confidential review of research proposals or manuscripts.
The research meant to seek knowledge simply for knowledge's sake is basic research.
Applied research is otherwise known as action research.
Applied research involves the practical application of knowledge to everyday situations.
If the researchers consciously manipulate the conditions in the study and make observations in tightly-controlled environment, it is known as an experimental research.
The experimental group refers to a group of subjects that is manipulated and given the treatment or intervention.
The control group refers to a group of subjects whose performance on the dependent variable is used to evaluate the performance of the experimental group on the same dependent variable.
A quasi-experimental research involves the manipulation of an independent variable, but lacks randomization to treatment groups which characterizes true experiments.
Surveys aim to describe the population in relation to the specific variables under study.
Self-reported data from the respondents through mails, phones, the internet, and personal contact, mostly through the use of questionnaires and interviews are surveys.
For the purpose of determining the viability of undertaking a business venture, establishing a project or institution, or constructing infrastructure, a feasibility study is used.
Correlational study examines the extent of the relationship between variables by determining how changes in one variable relate to changes in another.
Ethnography is the primary research tradition within anthropology, and provides a framework for studying the patterns, lifeways and experiences of cultural group in a holistic fashion.
Secondary sources include secondhand information, such as a description of an event by someone other than an eyewitness, or a textbook author's explanation of an event or theory.
Researches cannot accept historical data at face value,
since many diaries, memoirs, reposts, and testimonies are written to enhance
the writer's position, stature, or importance.
A mixed methods research's premise is that the use of quantitative and qualitative approaches in combination provides a better understanding of research problems than either approach alone.
A review of related literature ensures that there will be no duplication other studies. Concepts that provide a structure or pattern of organizing phenomena of interest in the practice of research is called a conceptual paradigm.
Hypotheses are predictions of expected outcomes.
Discrete variables have finite number of values between any two points representing discrete quantities.
Intervening variables are factors that arise during the study that can influence the results.
The research design is the overall plan, or the blueprint, created by the researcher to answer the research questions.
In a prospective design, data were collected after the study was designed, but the study is pursued over a long period of time, continuing into the future.
A cross-sectional descriptive research examines subjects at a given time after the research design is completed, and then gathers data on events occurring at that present time.
An approach to discover the meaning of people's life experiences, giving perception of a particular phenomenon is known as phenomenological research.
A grounded-theory research is an approach to the study of social processes, social structures, and the evolution of a social experience and psychological stages and phases that characterize a particular event or episode.
If researchers are interested in learning why some children bully other children, an explanatory research is utilized.
Research develops and evaluates alternative approaches to the educational aspects of any discipline.
A characteristic of research which ensures that procedures followed to find answer to questions are relevant, appropriate, and justified is rigor.
A case study involves a comprehensive and extensive examinations of a particular individual, group or situation over a period of time.
A quantitative research is a traditional, positivist, scientific method.
One disadvantage of a cross-sectional research is that it cannot capture the change process.
Inferential statistics provides a means for drawing conclusions about a population and given data from a sample.
In a participant observation, the observer takes active part in the activities of the group being observed.
Pilot study is a preliminary trial run or dry run of the major research It is done in preparation for a larger study.
Validity of research instrument refers to the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure.
ANOVA is used to test the significance of the difference between two or more means obtained from independent samples.
In the case of children participants or other vulnerable members of society, consent must be given by the parents or legal guardian or another person who has a direct, formal responsibility for the welfare of the child or other vulnerable participant.
The textual method of presenting data is best from small sets of data, but is usually not appropriate for bulky information with a lot of numerical figures.
An instrument is said to be reliable if it consistently measures with accuracy, stability, and dependability the target attributes it is designed to measure.
Internal consistency of a research instrument refers to the extent to which the items of an instrument measure the same trait or attribute and nothing else.
Observation is the most direct means of studying the subjects when the researcher is interested in their behavior.
A good hypothesis is usually founded on established theories or developed from the results of previous research.
A rating scale is a checklist with an evaluation standard.
Researchers must act professionally in the pursuit of truth.
Action research is a disciplined process of inquiry conducted by and for those taking the action.
Consumers of applied research findings are practitioners, such as teachers, caseworkers, or decision makers.
The characteristic of a good research which ensures that any conclusion drawn is based upon hard evidence gathered from information collected from real life experience or observation is referred to as being empirical.
Written records, diaries, eyewitness' accounts, pictures, videos, and other physical evidences are classified as primary sources of data.
Researchers who collect data at more than one point in time over an extended period utilize a longitudinal design.
A directional hypothesis specifies not only the existence but also the expected direction of the relationship between variables.
The quality, property or characteristic of the subject or object to be studied that can be quantitatively measured is referred to as the variable.
Pearson r is the most common measure of correlation when the dependent variable and the independent variable belongs to the continuous scale of measurement.
Descriptive statistics are used to summarize, organize, and simplify data.
The hypothesis identifies the specific variables and their relationship.
Confidentiality entails that any information participants provide will not be publicly reported in a manner that identifies them and will not be made accessible to others.
Independent variables are the presumed cause of a phenomenon and are the ones manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent variables are the presumed effect of a phenomenon and are the responses or the criterion measure.
A t-test is otherwise known as t-ratio or t-distribution. It determines the significant difference of two given samples.
In spearman correlation, the association between two ordinal variables does not rely on the assumption of normal distributed data.
The parameter is the numerical measure for a population.
In qualitative research, reality is not a fixed entity but rather a construction of individual participating in research.
The goal of an explanatory research is to understand the underpinnings of specific natural phenomena and to explain systematic relationships among phenomena.
A chi-square is a descriptive measure of the discrepancy values between observed frequency and expected frequency.
The theoretical framework presents a theory that
explains why a problem under study exists. It is the explanation of the
connection between a theory and the problem.
The empirical phase of the research process involves the development of a budget and seeking funds for the study.
The conceptual phase of the research process involves
specifying assumptions and limitations of the study and formulating hypothesis
and research questions.