This movement calls for the application of basic psychological
principles like individual differences, motivation, transfer of learning and
others to the educative process.
Among the educators who belong
to this movement were:
Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi
(1746-1827)
He advocated the following:
Education has the power for
societal regeneration Learning should be through observation and experience
Bookish learning should be avoided
Discipline must be based on love (thinking love)
A teacher must have a special training that is not simply intellectual but one which also touches the heart
Education is basically a
“contact of souls” and thatcher must feel Respect and sympathy for the children
he teaches
Johan Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841)
He was known for the Herbatian Method of Teaching which has
the following steps:
a. Preparation
b. Presentation
c. Association
d. Generalization
e.
Application
Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel (1782-1852)
-
He established a child centered school in 1840
which came to be known as
Kinder garten” which literally means “Garden of Children”
- He included games and sport in the curricula of formal schools
Maria
Montessori (1870-1952) - the first female doctor in Italy. She based
her work on the direct observation of children.
· Educators called her a miracle worker
· Developed a child centered curriculum
· Education is life that evolves from a child’s use of all his or her senses
· In the learning process
· Emphasized manipulation and experimentation to promote independence and creativity
·
Specialized tool were used to allow the child to
proceed at his or her own pace
SOCIOLOGICAL MOVEMENT IN EDUCATION
This is based on the tenets of this movement, education is
looked upon as the process geared the propagation, perpetuation and
amelioration of the society and the total development of an individual.
John Dewey (1856-1952)
He believed that:
• Education must be democratic
• The aim of education is social efficiency
• Utilization rather than subordination for the capacity of the individual
• Public school system is the chief means to achieve the above mentioned purpose
• Education is life and not just a preparation for life.
He postulated the famous
“Learning by Doing Dictum” which states that the learner best if he is an
active participant in the teaching learning process.