Wilhelm Wundt is
the Father of Modern Psychology, was a German physician, physiologist,
philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of
modern psychology. Wundt, who noted psychology as a science apart from
philosophy and biology, was the first person ever to call himself a
psychologist.
Sigmund Freud is the Father of Psychoanalysis and Psychosexual
Theory. He was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a
clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient
and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian
town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire.
Johann
Heinrich Pestalozzi is the Father of
Modern Education. He was a Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer who
exemplified Romanticism in his approach. He founded several educational
institutions both in German- and French-speaking regions of Switzerland and
wrote many works explaining his revolutionary modern principles of education.
Ivan Pavlov is the proponent of classical conditioning
theory and he was a Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in
classical conditioning. From his childhood days Pavlov demonstrated
intellectual curiosity along with an unusual energy which he referred to as
"the instinct for research". Inspired by the progressive ideas which
D. I.
Burrhus
Frederic Skinner is the proponent for
operant conditioning (Instrument), commonly known as B. F. Skinner, was an
American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.
He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958
until his retirement in 1974.
Edward Lee
Thorndike is the proponent for the
Laws of Learning (law of readiness, law of exercise & law of effect). He
was an American psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at Teachers
College, Columbia University. His work on comparative psychology and the
learning process led to the theory of connectionism and helped lay the
scientific foundation for educational psychology.
Albert Bandura is the proponent for social cognitive
learning theory (Modelling), he was a Canadian- American psychologist who is
the David Starr Jordan Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at
Stanford University.
David Ausubel was an American psychologist. His most
significant contribution to the fields of educational psychology, cognitive
science, and science education learning was on the development and research on
advance organizers since 1960 and the proponent for his Meaningful Learning
Theory.
Jerome Bruner is responsible human cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in
educational psychology. He was an American psychologist who made significant
contributions to human cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in
educational psychology. Bruner was a senior research fellow at the New York
University School of Law.
Kurt Levin mastered Life Space Concept, known as one of
the modern pioneers of social, organizational, and applied psychology in the
United States. The approach, developed by Kurt Lewin, is a significant
contribution to the fields of social science, psychology, social psychology,
organizational development, process management, and change management. His
theory was expanded by John R. P. French who related it to organizational and
industrial settings.
Wolfgang
Kohler specialized in Insight
Learning or Problem Solving by Insight, was a German psychologist and
phenomenologist who, like Max Wertheimer, and Kurt Koffka, contributed
to the creation of Gestalt psychology. Insight learning is perhaps the greatest
contribution Wolfgang Kohler made to psychology. Building off the
influence of Gestalt psychology, Kohler discovered that learning can
occur when we gain insight into an entire situation, as opposed to focusing only
on an individual part.
Urie
Bronfenbrenner - Ecological Systems
Theory. (1917-2005) developed the ecological systems theory to explain how
everything in a child and the child's environment affects how a child grows and
develops. He labeled different aspects or levels of the environment that
influence children's development, including the: Microsystem. He was a
Russian-born American developmental psychologist who most was known for his
ecological systems theory of child development. His scientific work and his
assistance to the United States government helped in the formation of the Head
Start program in 1965.
Sandra Bem - Gender Schema Theory. He was an American
psychologist known for her works in androgyny and gender studies. Her
pioneering work on gender roles, gender polarization and gender stereotypes led
directly to more equal employment opportunities for women in the United States.
Howard Gardner - Theory of Multiple Intelligence. He believed
that the conventional concept of intelligence was too narrow and restrictive
and that measures of IQ often miss out on other "intelligences" that
an individual may possess. He was an American developmental psychologist and
the John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education at the
Harvard Graduate School of Education at Harvard University.
Elliot Turiel – Domain Based Moral Education and was an
American psychologist and Chancellor’s Professor at the Graduate School of
Education at the University of California, Berkeley. He teaches courses on human
development and its relation to education.
Robert J.
Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of
Intelligence. These three examples exemplify Robert Sternberg's triarchic
theory on intelligence. The triarchic theory describes three distinct types of
intelligence that a person can possess. Sternberg calls these three types
practical intelligence, creative intelligence, and analytical intelligence. He
was an American psychologist and psychometrician. He is Professor of Human
Development at Cornell University. Prior to joining Cornell, Sternberg was
president of the University of Wyoming.
Lawrence
Kohlberg - Moral Development Theory.
The Theory of Moral Development is a very interesting subject that
stemmed from Jean Piaget's theory of moral reasoning. Developed by psychologist
Lawrence Kohlberg, this theory made us understand that morality starts
from the early childhood years and can be affected by several factors. He was
an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral
development. He served as a professor in the Psychology Department at the
University of Chicago and at the Graduate School of Education at Harvard
University.
Erik Erikson - Psychosocial Development Theory. He was a
German-American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his
theory on psychological development of human beings. He may be most famous for
coining the phrase identity crisis. His son, Kai T. Erikson, is a noted
American sociologist.
Maria
Montessori - Montessori Method,
Transfer of Learning. She was an Italian physician and educator best known for
the philosophy of education that bears her name, and her writing on scientific
pedagogy. Montessori is a method of education that is based on
self-directed activity, hands-on learning and collaborative play. In Montessori
classrooms children make creative choices in their learning, while the
classroom and the teacher offer age-appropriate activities to guide the
process.
Edward Paul
Torrance - Creativity Problem Solving
and considered to be the Father of Creativity. He was an American psychologist
from Milledgeville, Georgia. After completing his undergraduate degree at
Mercer University, Torrance acquired a Master's degree at the University of
Minnesota and then a doctorate from the University of Michigan. His teaching
career spanned from 1957 to 1984.
Avram Noam
Chomsky - Linguistic (Language) Acquisition Device (LAD). He was
an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, and social
critic. Sometimes described as "the father of modern linguistics",
Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders
of the field of cognitive science. Noam Chomsky is a contemporary
psychologist, linguist, and political activist known both for his theory of
innate grammar and for his political activism.
Jean Piaget - Cognitive Development Theory. He was famous
through a series of stages, Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive
development: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and
formal operational period. He was a Swiss psychologist known for his work on
child development.
Piaget's theory of cognitive
development and epistemological view are together called "genetic
epistemology". Piaget placed great importance on the education of
children.
John Watson - Behaviorism Theory. He was an American
psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson
promoted a change in psychology through his address Psychology as the
Behaviorist Views it, which was given at Columbia University in 1913. Through
his behaviorist approach, Watson conducted research on animal behavior, child
rearing, and advertising. In addition, he conducted the controversial
"Little Albert" experiment and the Kerplunk experiment. Watson
popularized the use of the scientific theory with behaviorism.
Edward Chace
Tolman - Purposive Behaviorism. He
was an American psychologist. Through Tolman's theories and works, he founded
what is now a branch of psychology known as purposive behaviorism. Tolman also
promoted the concept known as latent learning first coined by Blodgett.
Bernard Weiner
-
Attribution Theory on Achievement. He was an American social psychologist known
for developing a form of attribution theory which explains the emotional and
motivational entailments of academic success and failure. Bernard Weiner got
interested in the field of attribution after the first studying achievement
motivation.
Daniel Goleman-
Emotional Intelligence. He was an author and science journalist. For twelve
years, he wrote for The New York Times, reporting on the brain and behavioral
sciences. Emotional Intelligence (Goleman) 3 years ago • Motivation Theories •
Emotional Intelligence (EQ) is defined as the ability to identify, assess, and
control one's own emotions, the emotions of others, and that of groups.
Hermann
Ebbinghaus - law of forgetting. The forgetting curve hypothesizes
the decline of memory retention in time. This curve shows how information is
lost over time when there is no attempt to retain it. A related concept is the
strength of memory that refers to the durability that memory traces in the
brain. He was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of
memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing
effect. He was also the first person to describe the learning curve. He was the
father of the eminent neo-Kantian philosopher Julius Ebbinghaus.
John Locke - Theory of Association. According to other social
contract theorists, when the government fails to secure their natural
rights (Locke) or satisfy the best interests of society (called
the "general will" in Rousseau), citizens can withdraw their
obligation to obey, or change the leadership through elections or other means.
He was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most
influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of
Liberalism".
Edward
Thorndike - Belongingness and
Connectionism. In 1898, was famous in psychology for his work on learning theory
that lead to the development of operant conditioning within behaviorism.
Whereas classical conditioning depends on developing associations between
events, operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of our
behavior. He was an American psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at
Teachers College, Columbia University. His work on comparative psychology and
the learning process led to the theory of connectionism and helped lay the
scientific foundation for educational psychology.
David
McClelland - Needs Achievement Theory
or Human Motivation Theory. Human Motivation Theory states that every
person has one of three main driving motivators: the needs for achievement,
affiliation, or power. These motivators are not inherent; we develop them
through our culture and life experiences. He was an American psychologist,
noted for his work on motivation Need Theory. He published a number of works
during the 1950s and the 1990s and developed new scoring systems for the
Thematic Apperception Test and its descendants.
Henry Murray -
Theory of Psychogenic Needs. He was an American psychologist at Harvard
University. He was Director of the Harvard Psychological Clinic in the School
of Arts and Sciences after 1930. Murray developed a theory of personality
calledpersonology, based on "need" and "press".
Victor Harold
Vroom - Expectancy Theory. Vroom's
expectancy theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices
among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Vroom
realized that an employee's performance is based on individual’s factors such
as personality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities. He was a business
school professor at the Yale School of Management. He holds a PhD from
University of Michigan and an MS and BS from McGill University.
Lev
Seymenovich Vysgotsky - Sociocultural
Theory or "zone of proximal development" (ZPD). His worked was
largely unknown to the West until it was published in 1962. ... It asserts
three major themes regarding social interaction, the more knowledgeable other,
and the zone of proximal development. He was a Soviet psychologist, the founder
of an unfinished Marxist theory of human cultural and bio-social development
commonly referred to as cultural-historical psychology.