Psychosexual
Development
Oral Stage
(0-1 yrs. old) – Infant
Anal Stage
(1-3 yrs. old) – Toddler
Phallic Stage
(3-6 yrs. old) preschoolers
Latency Stage
(age 6 - puberty) school age
Genital Stage
(adolescence /puberty onwards)
Personality
Component
ID (pleasure
principles) infancy
EGO (reality
principles) preschooler
SUPEREGO
(morality principles) near end of preschool
3
Levels of Mind
CONCIOUS -
all that we are aware of that are stored in our conscious mind.
UNCONCIOUS -
all that we go through (feelings, beliefs, impulses deep within)
SUBCONCIOUS
(a.k.a. Pre-Conscious) – the part of us that’s hidden unless we search for it
Piaget’s
Cognitive Development Theory
3 Basic
Cognitive Concept
1. Schema –
Building blocks of knowledge
2. Adaptation
Processes (3)
Assimilation – using an existing schema to deal
with a new object or situation.
Accommodation – happens when an existing schema
does not work and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation
Equilibration – occurs when a child’s schemas can
deal with most new information through assimilation. But when our experiences
do not match our schemata, we experience cognitive disequilibrium
3.
Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage
1. Sensori-motor
stage (birth - infancy)
Highlight:
Object Permanence - ability to know that an object
still exists even when out of sight
Stage 2. Pre-operational stage (2-7yrs)
preschool years
Intelligence
at this stage is intuitive in nature
Child can
now make mental representations and is able to pretend
Highlights on
this stage:
Symbolic Function – ability to represent objects and
events
Egocentrism – the tendency of the child to only
see his point of view and to assume that everyone also has his same point of
view
Centration – the tendency of the child to only
focus on one aspect of a thing or event and exclude other aspects.
Irreversibility – inability to reverse their thinking
Can understand 2+3=5 but cannot understand that 5-3=2
Animism – attribute human like traits or
characteristics to inanimate objects (e.g. Mr. Sun is asleep)
Transductive Reasoning – reasoning appears to be from
particular to particular (i.e. If A causes B, then B causes A)
Stage
3.
Concrete-operational stage (8-11 yrs.) elementary school years
This stage is
characterized by the ability of the child to think logically but only in terms
of concrete objects.
Decentering – no longer focused or limited to one
aspect or dimension which makes the child to be more logical when dealing with
concrete objects and situations
Reversibility – can now follow that certain
operations can be done in reverse
Conservation – the ability to know that certain
properties of objects like number, mass, volume or area do not change even if
there is a change in appearance.
Seriation – ability to order or arrange things
in a series based on one dimension such as weight, volume or size.
Stage 4. Formal-operational stage (12-15 yrs.)
Thinking
becomes logical
Can solve
problems and hypothesize
This stage is
characterized by the following:
Hypothetical Reasoning – the ability to come up with
different hypothesis about a problem and to gather and weigh data in order to
make a final decision. Can answer what if questions.
Analogical Reasoning – the ability to perceive the
relationship in one instance and use it to narrow down possible answers. Can
make an analogy.
Deductive Reasoning – the ability to think logically by
applying the general rule to a particular situation.