Subject: PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENT CODE
WHEREAS, the broad
spectrum of environment has become a matter of vital
concern to the government;
WHEREAS, the national leadership has taken a step towards this direction by creating the
National Environment Protection Council under Presidential Decree No. 1121;
WHEREAS, it is necessary that the creation
of the Council be complemented with the launching of comprehensive program of
environmental protection and management.
WHEREAS, such a program can assume tangible
and meaningful significance only
by establishing specific environment
management policies and prescribing environment quality standards in a
Philippine Environment Code.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS,
President of the Republic of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in
me by the Constitution, do hereby order and decree:
Section 1. Short Title. - This Decree
shall be known and cited as the
"Philippine Environment Code."
TITLE I
Air
Quality Management
Section 2. Purposes. - The purposes
of this Title are:
a) to achieve and maintain such levels of
air quality as to protect public health and b) to prevent to the greatest
extent practicable, injury and/or damage to plant and animal life and property,
and promote the social and economic development of the country.
CHAPTER
I
Standards
Section 3. Ambient Air
Quality Standards. - There shall be established ambient air quality standards
which shall prescribe the maximum concentration of air pollutants permissible
in the atmosphere consistent with public health, safety and general welfare.
In
the establishment of ambient air quality standards, factors such as local atmospheric
conditions, location and land use, and available technology, shall be considered
among others.
Section 4. National Emission
Standards.
- There shall be established national emission standards for new and existing
stationary and mobile sources of pollution which shall consider among others
such factors as type of industry, practicable control technology available,
location and land use, and the nature of pollutants emitted.
Section 5. Community Noise
Standards.
- Appropriate standards for community noise levels shall be established
considering, among others, location, zoning and land use classification.
Section 6. Standards for
Noise-Producing Equipment. - There shall be established a standard
for noise-producing equipment such as construction equipment, transportation
equipment, stationary engines, and electrical or electronic equipment and such
similar equipment or contrivances. The standard shall set a limit on the
acceptable level of noise emitted from a given equipment for the protection of
public health and welfare, considering among others, the magnitude and
condition of use, the degree of noise reduction achievable through the
application of best available technology and the cost of compliance.
The installation of any noise-producing
equipment shall conform with the requirements of Presidential Decree No. 1096
and other applicable laws as well as their implementing rules and regulations.
Section 7. Aircraft Emission
and Sonic Booms.
- Appropriate government agencies shall encourage research studies on the
harmful effects of aircraft emissions in the environment in order to establish
permissible emission standards.
Research and
studies shall also be undertaken to mitigate and/or minimize the
effects of sonic booms in the environment.
CHAPTER
II
Regulation and Enforcement
Section 8. Air Quality and
Noise Standards.
- National Pollution Control Commission in coordination with appropriate
government agencies shall be responsible for the enforcement of ambient air
quality emission and noise standards, including the monitoring and surveillance
of air pollutants, licensing and permitting of air pollution control facilities,
and the promulgation of appropriate rules and regulations.
Existing air
quality emission and noise standards may be revised and/or modified consistent
with new development and technology.
Section 9. Aircraft
Noise. - Community noise standards around airports shall
be implemented by the Civil Aeronautics Administration
in coordination with the National
Pollution Control Commission.
Section 10. Vehicular
Emissions.
- The Land Transportation Commission, shall implement emission standards for
vehicles and may deputize other appropriate law enforcement agencies for the
purpose.
Section 11. Radioactive
Emissions.
- The release and emission of radioactivity into the environment incident to
the establishment or possession of nuclear energy facilities and radioactive
materials, handling, transport, production, storage, use and disposal of radio
active materials shall be regulated by the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission
in coordination with other appropriate government agencies.
CHAPTER
III
Monitoring
Section 12. Air Quality
Monitoring. - The National Pollution Control Commission in coordination
with appropriate government agencies, shall establish to the greatest extent
practicable an air quality monitoring network. Such air quality monitoring network
shall put to maximum use the capabilities of these agencies.
The
National Environmental Protection Council shall be furnished with the results
of air quality monitoring activities.
Section 13. Weather
Modification. - The Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration shall monitor regularly meteorological factors affecting
environmental conditions in order to effectively guide air pollution monitoring
activities.
Activities relating to weather modification
such as rainfall stimulation and storm seeding experiments shall be undertaken
in consultation or coordination with the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical
and Astronomical Services Administration.
TITLE II
Water
Quality Management
Section 14. Purpose.
- It is the purpose of this Title to prescribe management guidelines aimed to
protect and improve the quality of Philippine water resources through:
a)
classification
of Philippine waters,
b)
establishment
of water quality standards;
c)
protection
and improvement of the quality of Philippine water resources, and
d)
responsibilities
for surveillance and mitigation of pollution incidents.
CHAPTER
I
Classification
Standards
Section 15. Classification
of Philippine Waters. - The National Pollution Control Commission, in
coordination with appropriate government agencies, shall classify Philippine
waters, according to their best usage. In classifying said waters, the National
Pollution Control Commission shall take into account, among others, the
following:
a)
the
existing quality of the body of water at the time of classification;
b)
the
size , depth, surface area covered, volume, direction, rate of flow, gradient
of stream; and
c)
the
most beneficial uses of said bodies of water and lands bordering them such as
residential, agricultural, commercial, industrial, navigational, recreational,
and aesthetic purposes.
Section 16. Reclassification
of Waters Based on Intended Beneficial Use. - Where the
public interest so requires, the National Pollution Control Commission, in coordination
with appropriate government agencies, shall reclassify a body of water based on
the intended beneficial use and take such steps as may be necessary to upgrade
the quality of said water. Other government agencies may adopt higher standards
for a particular body of water, subject to the approval of the National
Pollution Control Commission.
Section 17. Upgrading
of Water Quality. - Where the quality of water has deteriorated to a
degree where its state will adversely affect its best usage, the government agencies
concerned shall take such measures as may be necessary to upgrade the quality of
such water to meet the prescribed water quality standards.
Section 18. Water Quality
Standards.
- The National Pollution Control Commission shall prescribe quality and
effluent standards consistent with the guidelines set by the National
Environmental Protection Council and the classification of waters prescribed in
the preceding sections, taking into consideration, among others, the following:
a)
the
standard of water quality or purity may vary according to beneficial uses; and
b)
the
technology relating to water pollution control.
CHAPTER
II
Protection
and Improvement of Water Quality
Section 19. Enforcement and
Coordination.
- The production, utilization, storage and distribution of hazardous, toxic and
other substances such as radioactive materials, heavy metals, pesticides,
fertilizers, and oils, and disposal, discharge and dumping of untreated
wastewater, mine-tailings and other substances that may pollute any body of
water of the Philippines resulting from normal operations of industries,
water-borne sources, and other human activities, as well as those resulting
from accidental spills and discharges shall be regulated by appropriate
government agencies pursuant to their respective charters and enabling
legislation. In the performance of the above functions, the government agencies
concerned shall coordinate with the National Environmental Protection Council
and furnish the latter with such information as may be necessary to enable it
to attain its objectives under Presidential Decree No. 1121.
Section 20. Clean-up
Operations.
- It shall be the responsibility of the polluter to contain, remove and
clean-up water pollution incidents at his own expense. In case of his failure
to do so, the government agencies concerned shall undertake containment,
removal and clean-up operations and expenses incurred in said operations shall
be against the persons and/or entities responsible for such pollution.
Section 21. Water
Quality Monitoring and Surveillance. - The various government agencies
concerned with environmental protection shall establish to the greatest extent
practicable a water quality surveillance and monitoring network with sufficient
stations and sampling schedules to meet the needs of the country. Said water
quality surveillance network shall put to maximum use the capabilities of such
government agencies. Each agency involved in such network shall report to the
National Environment Protection Council the results of these monitoring
activities as the need arises.
TITLE
III
Land
Use Management
Section 22. Purposes. - The purposes of this Title are:
a)
to
provide a rational, orderly and efficient acquisition, utilization and
disposition of land and its resources in order to derive therefrom maximum
benefits; and
b)
to
encourage the prudent use and conservation of land resources in order to prevent
an imbalance between the nation's needs and such resources.
Section 23. National Land Use Scheme. - The Human
Settlements Commission, in coordination with the appropriate agencies of the
government, shall formulate and recommend to the National Environmental
Protection Council a land use scheme consistent with the purpose of this Title.
The
Land Use Scheme shall include among others, the following:
a)
a
science-based and technology-oriented land inventory and classification system;
b)
a
determination of present land uses, the extent to which they are utilized,
underutilized, rendered idle or abandoned;
c)
a
comprehensive and accurate determination of the adaptability of the land for community
development, agriculture, industry, commerce, and other fields of endeavor;
d)
a
method of identification of areas where uncontrolled development could result in
irreparable damage to important historic, cultural, or aesthetic values, or
nature systems or processes of national significance;
e)
a
method for exercising control by the appropriate government agencies over the use
of land in area of critical environmental concern and areas impacted by public facilities
including, but not limited to, airports, highways, bridges, ports and wharves,
buildings and other infrastructure projects;
f)
a
method to ensure the consideration of regional development and land use in local
regulations;
g)
a
policy for influencing the location of new communities and methods for assuring
appropriate controls over the use of land around new communities;
h)
a
system of controls and regulations pertaining to areas and development activities
designed to ensure that any source of pollution will not be located where it
would result in a violation of any applicable environmental pollution control regulations,
and
i)
a
recommended method for the periodic revisions and updating of the national land
use scheme to meet changing conditions.
Section 24. Location
of Industries. - In the location of industries, factories, plants,
depots and similar industrial establishments, the regulating or enforcing
agencies of the government shall take into consideration the social, economic,
geographical and significant environmental impact of said establishment.
TITLE IV
Natural
Resources Management and Conservation
Section 25. Purposes. - The purposes of
this Title are:
a)
to
provide the basics on the management and conservation of the country's natural resources
to obtain the optimum benefits therefrom and to preserve the same for the
future generations, and
b)
to
provide general measures through which the aforesaid policy may be carried out
effectively.
CHAPTER
I
Fisheries
and Aquatic Resources
Section 26. Management Policy. - The national
government, through the Department of Natural Resources, shall establish a
system of rational exploitation of
fisheries and aquatic resources within the
Philippine territory and shall encourage citizen participation therein to
maintain and/or enhance the optimum and continuous productivity of the same.
Section 27. Measures
for Rational Exploitation. - Measures for the rational exploitation of
fisheries and other aquatic resources may include, but shall not be limited to,
the following:
a)
undertaking
manpower and expertise development;
b)
acquiring
the necessary facilities and equipment,
c)
regulating
the marketing of threatened species of fish or other aquatic resources;
d)
reviewing
all existing rules and regulations on the exploitation of fisheries and aquatic
resources with a view of formulating guidelines for the systematic and effective
enforcement thereof; and
e)
conserving
the vanishing species of fish and aquatic resources such as turtles, sea
snakes, crocodiles, corals, as well as maintaining the mangrove areas, marshes
and inland areas, coral reef areas and islands serving as sanctuaries for fish
and other aquatic life
.
CHAPTER
II
Wildlife
Section 28. Management Policy. -- The national
government, through the Department of Natural Resources, shall establish a
system of rational exploitation and conservation of wildlife resources and
shall encourage citizen participation in the maintenance and/or enhancement of
their continuous productivity.
Section 29. Measures for Rational Exploitation. - Measures for
rational exploitation of wildlife resources may include, but shall not be
limited to, the following:
a)
regulating
the marketing of threatened wildlife resources;
b)
reviewing
all existing rules and regulations on the exploitation of wildlife resources
with a view of formulating guidelines for the systematic and effective enforcement
thereof; and
c)
conserving
the threatened species of fauna, increasing their rate of production, maintaining
their original habitat, habitat manipulation, determining bag/cree limits,
population control in relation to the carrying capacity of any given area, banning
of indiscriminate and/or destructive means of catching or hunting them.
CHAPTER
III
Forestry
and Soil Conservation
Section 30. Management Policy for Forestry. - The national
government, through the Department of Natural Resources, shall undertake a
system of rational exploitation of forest resources and shall encourage citizen
participation therein to keep the country's forest resources at maximum
productivity at all times.
Section 31. Measures for
Rational Exploitation of Forest Resources. - Measures for the rational
exploitation of forest resources may include, but shall not be limited to the
following:
a)
regulating
the marketing of threatened forest resources;
b)
reviewing
all existing rules and regulations on the exploitation of forest resources with
a view of formulating guidelines for the systematic and efficient enforcement thereof;
c)
conserving
threatened species of flora as well as increasing their rate of propagation;
the banning of destructive modes of exploitation, kaingin, making or shifting
cultivation, indiscriminate harvesting of minor forest products; the recycling
methods of waste materials; and
d)
carrying
out a continuing effort on reforestation, timber stand improvement, forest protection,
land classification, forest occupancy management, agri-silviculture, range
management, agri-silvicultural/kaingin management, industrial tree plantation,
parks and wildlife management, multiple use forest, timber management and
forest research.
Section 32. Management Policy on Soil Conservation. - The national government,
through the Department of Natural Resources and the Department of Agriculture,
shall likewise undertake a soil conservation program including therein the identification
and protection of critical watershed areas, encouragement of scientific farming
techniques, physical and biological means of soil conservation, and short-term
and long-term researches and technology for effective soil conservation.
Section 33. Use of Fertilizers and Pesticides.
- The use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture shall be regulated,
prescribing therefor a tolerance level in their use. Their use shall be
monitored by appropriate government agencies to provide empirical data for effective
regulation.
CHAPTER
IV
Flood
Control and Natural Calamities
Section 34. Measures in Flood Control Program. - In addition to
the pertinent provisions of existing laws, the following shall be included in a
soil erosion, sediment and flood control program:
a)
the
control of soil erosion on the banks of rivers, the shores or Lakes, and the
a)
sea-shores;
b)
the
control of flow and flooding in and from rivers and lakes;
c)
the
conservation of water which, for purposes of this Section shall mean forms of water,
but shall not include captive water;
d)
the
needs of fisheries and wildlife and all other recreational uses of natural water;
e)
measures
to control the damming, diversion, taking, and use of natural water, so far as
any such act may affect the quality and availability of natural water for other
purposes; and
f)
measures
to stimulate research in matters relating to natural water and soil conservation
and the application of knowledge thereby acquired.
Section 35. Measures to Mitigate Destructive Effects
of Calamities. –
The national government, through the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration, shall promote intensified and concerted
research efforts on weather modification, typhoon, earthquake, tsunami, storm
surge, and other tropical natural phenomena in order to bring about any
significant effect to mitigate or prevent their destructive effects.
CHAPTER
V
Energy
Development
Section 36. Policy. - Consistent
with the environmental protection policies, the national government, through
the Energy Development Board, shall undertake an energy development program
encouraging therein the utilization of invariant sources such as solar, wind
and tidal energy.
Section 37. Measures for
Energy Development. - Measures for energy development program may
include, but shall not be limited to, the following:
a)
setting
up pilot plants utilizing invariant sources of energy;
b)
training
of technical personnel for purposes of energy development; and
c)
concluding
researches aimed at developing technology for energy development.
Section 38. Safety Measures on
Energy Development. - Rules and regulations shall be promulgated to
prevent or mitigate the adverse effects of energy development on the
environment. For this purpose, all nuclear powered plants and plants exploring
and utilizing geothermal energy, whether owned or controlled by private or government
entities shall:
a)
observe
internationally accepted standards of safety: and
b)
provide
safety devices to ensure the health and welfare of their personnel as well as
the surrounding community.
CHAPTER
VI
Conservation
and Utilization of Surface Ground Waters
Section 39. Management Policy. - In addition to
existing laws, the national government through the National Water Resources
Council in coordination with other appropriate government agencies, shall
prescribe measures for the conservation and improvement of the quality of
Philippine water resources and provide for the prevention, control and
abatement of water pollution.
CHAPTER
VII
Mineral
Resources
Section 40. Management Policy. - The national
government, through the
Department of Natural Resources, shall
undertake a system of gainful exploitation and rational and efficient
utilization of mineral resources and shall encourage citizen participation in
this endeavor.
Section 41. Measure for Exploitation and
Utilization of Mineral Resources. - Measure for the gainful
exploitation and rational and efficient utilization of such mineral resources
may include, but shall not be limited to, the following:
a)
increasing
research and development in mineral resources technology;
b)
training
of additional technical manpower needed in geology, geophysics, mining engineering,
and related fields;
c)
regulating
the exploitation of identified mineral reserves;
d)
accelerating
the exploitation of undiscovered mineral deposits; and
e)
encouraging
the establishment of processing plants for refined metal.
TITLE V
Waste
Management
Section 42. Purposes. - The purposes of
this Title are:
a)
to
set guidelines for waste management with a view to ensuring its effectiveness;
b)
to
encourage, promote and stimulate technological, educational, economic and social
efforts to prevent environmental damage and unnecessary loss of valuable resources
of the nation through recovery, recycling and re-use of wastes and waste
products; and
c)
to
provide measures to guide and encourage appropriate government agencies in establishing
sound, efficient, comprehensive and effective waste management.
CHAPTER
I
Enforcement
and Guidelines
Section 43. Waste Management
Programs. -
Preparation and implementation of waste management programs shall be required
of all provinces, cities and municipalities. The Department of Local Government
and Community Development shall promulgate guidelines for the formulation and
establishment of waste management program. Every waste management program shall
include the following:
a)
an
orderly system of operation consistent with the needs of the area concerned;
b)
a
provision that the operation will not create pollution of any kind or will
constitute public nuisance;
c)
a
system for a safe and sanitary disposal of waste;
d)
a
provision that existing plans affecting the development, use and protection of air,
water or natural resources shall be considered;
e)
schedules
and methods of implementing the development, construction and operation of the plan
together with the estimated costs; and
f)
a
provision for the periodic revision of the program to ensure its effective implementation.
Section 44. Responsibility of
Local Government.
- Each province, city or municipality shall provide measures to facilitate
collection, transportation, processing and disposal of waste within its
jurisdiction in coordination with other government agencies concerned. For this
purpose, the national government shall provide the necessary subsidy to local
governments upon request made through the National Environmental Protection Council
and subject to such terms and conditions as the latter may provide.
CHAPTER
II
Methods
of Solid Waste Disposal
Section 45. Solid
Waste Disposal. - Solid waste disposal shall be by sanitary landfill,
incineration, composting, and other methods as may be approved by competent government
authority.
Section 46. Sanitary
Landfills.
- Local governments, including private individuals, corporations or
organizations may operate or propose to operate one or more sanitary landfills.
Any entity proposing to operate a sanitary landfill shall submit to the appropriate
government agency an operational work plan showing, among other things, a map
of the proposed work location, disposal areas for rubbish, garbage, refuse and
other waste matter; and the equipment or machinery needed to accomplish its
operations. In no case shall landfill or work locations under this Section be
located along any shore or coastline, or along the banks of rivers and streams,
lakes, throughout their entire length, in violation of any existing rules and
regulations.
Section 47. Incineration and
Composting Plants.
- The installation and establishment of incineration or composting plants, or
the alternation/modification of any part thereof shall be regulated by the
local governments concerned in coordination with the National Pollution Control
Commission.
Section 48. Disposal Sites. - The location of
solid waste disposal sites shall conform with existing zoning, land use
standards, and pollution control regulations.
Section 49. Dumping into the
Sea and Other Navigable Waters. – The dumping or disposal of solid
wastes into the sea and any body of water in the Philippines, including
shore-lines and river banks, where the wastes are likely to be washed into the water
is prohibited. However, dumping of solid wastes or other materials into the sea
or any navigable waters shall be permitted in case of immediate or imminent
danger to life and property, subject to the rules and regulations of the
Philippine Coast Guard and the National Pollution Control Commission.
Government agencies and private entities which
are undertaking solid waste
management programs shall make
consultations with the government agencies concerned with respect to the
effects of such dumping to the marine environment and navigation.
CHAPTER
III
Methods
of Liquid Waste Disposal
Section 50. Liquid Waste
Disposal.
- Wastewater from manufacturing plants, industries, community, or domestic
sources shall be treated either physically, biologically or chemically prior to
disposal in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by proper
government authority.
Section 51. Applicability of
Section 49. -
The provisions of Section 49 hereof shall likewise apply to the dumping or
disposal of liquid waste into the sea and other bodies of water.
TITLE VI
Miscellaneous
Provisions
Section 52. Population-Environment
Balance.
- In the assessment of development projects, the National Environmental
Protection Council, hereinafter referred to in this Title as the Council, shall
take into consideration their effect on population with a view to achieving a
rational and orderly balance between man and his environment.
Section 53. Environmental
Education.
- The Department of Education and Culture shall integrate subjects on
environmental education in its school curricula at all levels. It shall also endeavor
to conduct special community education emphasizing the relationship of man and
nature as well as environmental sanitation and practices.
The Council and
other government agencies implementing environmental protection laws in
coordination with public information agencies of the government shall undertake
public information activities for the purpose of stimulating awareness and
encouraging involvement in environmental protection.
Section 54. Environmental
Research.
- The Council shall undertake and/or promote continuing studies and research
programs on environmental management and shall, from time to time, determine
priority areas of environmental research.
Section 55. Monitoring and
Dissemination of Environmental Information of
Foreign Origin. - The Council shall
keep itself informed of current environmental
developments by obtaining information and
literature from foreign sources through the Department of Foreign Affairs,
government agencies and other entities, both domestic and foreign. Such
information and literature shall be given the widest dissemination possible.
Section 56. Incentives. - To operate the
installation and the utilization of pollution control facilities, the following
incentives are hereby granted:
a)
exemption
to the extent of fifty (50) percent of tariff duties and compensating tax for
importation of pollution control equipment, devices, spare parts and accessories
for a period of five (5) years from the effectivity of this Decree subject to
the conditions that will be imposed by the Council;
b)
a
tax credit equivalent of fifty (50) percent of the value of the compensating
tax and tariff duties that would have been paid on the pollution control
equipment, devices, spare parts and accessories had these items been imported
shall, within a period of seven (7) years from the effectivity of this
effectivity of this Decree, be given to the person or firm who or which
purchases them from a domestic manufacturer, and another tax credit equivalent
to twenty-five (25) per cent thereof shall be given to the said manufacturer
subject to such conditions as may be imposed by the Council; and
c)
deductions
equivalent to fifty (50) per cent of the expenses actually incurred on research
projects undertaken to develop technologies for the manufacture of pollution
control equivalent which have been proven effective and commercially reproducible,
from the taxable income of the person or firm actually undertaking such
projects subject to the conditions that may be imposed by the Council.
The pollution control equipment, devices,
spare parts and accessories acquired under this Section shall not be sold,
transferred or disposed within five (5) years from the
date of acquisition without the prior
approval of the Council otherwise the importer or purchaser shall pay twice the
amount of the tax exemption or tax credit granted.
Section 57. Financial
Assistance/Grant. - Financial assistance/grant for the study, design
and construction of environmental protection facilities especially for waste disposal
in favor of cities, municipalities, small and medium scale industries may be
granted on case-to-case basis subject to such conditions as may be imposed by
the Council.
Section 58. Participation of
Local Government Units and Private Individuals. - It shall be the
responsibility of local government units as well as private individuals to actively
participate in the environmental management and protection programs of the government.
Section 59. Preservation of
Historic and Cultural Resources and Heritage. - It shall be
the duty of every person to help preserve the historic and cultural resources
of the country such as sites, structures, artifacts, documents, objects,
memorials and priceless trees.
Section 60. Government Offices
Performing Environmental Protection Functions. - Government
agencies vested by laws to exercise environmental management powers, shall
continue to function as such within their respective jurisdictions.
The Council may, however, in the exercise
of its powers and functions under Presidential Decree No. 1121, inquire into
any action or issue of environmental significance.
Section 61. Public Hearings. - The Council
may, whenever it deems necessary, conduct public hearings on issues of
environmental significance.
Definition of Terms. - As used in this
Code.
a)
"Ambient Air Quality" means the average
atmospheric purity as distinguished from discharge measurements taken at the
source of pollution. It is the general amount of pollution present in a broad area.
b)
"Emission" means the act of passing into the
atmosphere an air contaminant, pollutant, gas stream and unwanted sound from a
known source.
c)
"Water Quality" means the
characteristics of water which define its use in terms of physical, chemical
and biological contents;
TITLE
VII
Final Provisions
Section 63. Separability of
Provisions. -
If any provision of this Code, or the application of such provisions to any
person or circumstance, is declared unconstitutional, the remainder of the Code
or the application of such provisions to other persons or circumstances shall
not be affected by such declaration.
Section 64. Effectivity. - This Code
shall take effect upon its approval.
Done in the City
of Manila, this 6th day of June in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and
seventy-seven.
(Sgd.) FERDINAND E. MARCOS
President
Republic of the Philippines
By the President.
(Sgd.) JUAN C. TUVERA
Presidential Assistant
CERTIFIED COPY
(Sgd.) MELQUIADES T. DELA CRUZ
Presidential Staff Director