1. LEARNING TO KNOW
✓ to better
comprehend the world & its complexities
✓ e.g.
concentration, memory skills, critical thinking skills, comprehension, asking
questions, data gathering & selecting information
2. LEARNING TO DO
✓ learning must
transform certified skills into personal competence
✓ initiative and
willingness to work
✓ e.g., finding a
job that is in line with your technical skills
3. LEARNING TO BE
✓ aims to provide
self analytical and social skills to enable individuals to develop to their
fullest potential psycho-socially, affectively as well as physically, for a
holistically-developed person
✓ e.g. personal
development, professional development, self-actualization
4. LEARNING TO LIVE TOGETHER
✓ aims to expose
individuals to the values implicit within human rights, democratic principles,
intercultural understanding & respect and peace at all levels of society
and human relationships to enable individuals & societies to live in peace
and harmony
✓ e.g. rules of discipline
The specific purposes of the school are the
following:
a. Cognitive Purposes
✓ teaching the
basic cognitive skills such as reading, writing, & speaking
b. Political Purposes
✓ inculcation of
patriotism or loyalty to the existing political order
c. Social Purposes
✓ concerns with the
socialization of citizens into their various roles in society
d. Economic Purposes
✓ involves training
& preparation of citizens for the world of work
CULTURAL TRANSMISSION PROCESS
1. ENCULTURATION
✓ aquisition of one
owns culture thru the process of socialization with much help of parents, peers
& siblings
✓ very first
familiarization process
• IMMERSION
✓ state where the
individual is exposed to the social norms
✓ engage deeply in
the activities to absorb all the teachings given
2. ACCULTURATION
✓ amalgamation of
two cultures
✓ the adoption of a
minority cultural group of a majority's culture
• INTEGRATION
✓ adopting from new
culture while still maintaining the original culture
• SEPARATION
✓ maintain original
culture & minimize contact w/ the new culture
• ASSIMILATION
✓ abandon original
culture & adopt from new culture
• MARGINALIZATION
✓
exclusion/discrimination; cannot maintain original culture & cannot assimilate
into the new culture
• FUNCTIONALIST THEORY (EQUILIBRIUM
THEORY)
✓ interdependence
& consensus
✓ consensus -
normal state of society
✓ social
equilibrium - achieved through the process of socialization of members
(interdependent) into the basic values and norms
a. TALCOTT PARSONS
✓ conceptualized
society as a collection of systems within systems
b. EMILE DURKHEIM
✓ education is the
influence exercised by adult generations to arouse and to develop the child in
physical, intellectual & moral states
• CONFLICT THEORY
✓ assumes a tension
in society & its parts due to competing interest of individuals and groups
✓ society holds
economic, political, cultural, military power, and not shared values alone
✓ based on four
interlocking concepts: competition, structural inequality, revolution, &
war
a. KARL MARX
✓ the founder of
the CONFLICT school of thought
✓ believed that the
class system separates the employers from workers and workers from the benefits
of their own labor
b. MAX WEBER
✓ the father of
bureaucratic thought
✓ class differences
alone could not fully explain the complex ways of society
✓ the main activity
of schools is to teach particular “status cultures” both in & outside the
classroom
---
• INTERACTION THEORIES
✓ focus on the
communication & the relationship that exists among and between groups in
education
peers, teachers-students, teacher-principal,
& teacher-parents
a. LABELLING THEORY
✓ related to
expectations
✓ students are
labeled either as gifted or learning disabled, fast or slow learner, smart or
dumb (affect the quality & speed of learning)
b. EXCHANGE THEORY
✓ based on the
concept of reciprocity or mutual benefit
✓ bind individuals
(teachers, students, parents, administrators) with obligations (include reward
& benefits)
✓ people behave in such a way that one individual can get something from the other & vice versa
KIND OF TENSION
• Tension Between Modernity &
Tradition
✓ when for some the
process of change is slow, for others it is not so, thereby creating problem of
adaptation
• Tension Between Spiritual & Material
✓ when self-worth
is equated with material accumulation may lead to apathy, passivity,
hopelessness & pessimism
• Tension Between Individual &
Universal
✓ while culture is
steadily being globalized, this development is being partial
• Tension Between The Global and the Local
✓ challenge to an
individual how he or she can adapt to the changing world without forgetting or
turning his/her back from the past
• Tension Between Long Term and Short Term
Considerations
✓ when people
prefer to have quick answers and ready solution to many problems even if its
calls for a patient, concerted, negotiated strategy of reform
• New Paradigm Shift In Education
✓ shift from rigid
subject matter to a more interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary pedagogical
approach
✓ life long
education for all
• Global Education
✓ allows students
to be more accepting or tolerant of other cultures
• Multicultural Education
✓ envisions to to
transform the school so that male and female students, exceptional students,
and students from diverse cultural, social-class, racial & ethnic groups
experience an equal opportunity to learn (by James Banks)
• Inclusive Education
✓ recognizes the
knowledge & experience of women, racial groups & ethnic groups as being
just as valid & relevant as the knowledge of dominant groups
• Civic Education
✓ focus on learning
for effective participation in democratic & development processes at both
local & national levels
✓ focuses on the
study of the basic concepts, beliefs and values underlying our democratic
political community and constitutional order
• Peace Education
✓ focus on
nonviolent alternatives for managing conflict, skills for critical analysis of
structural arrangements that produce and legitimize injustice and inequality
• Environmental Education
✓ emphasizes
human-earth relationships & fosters a vision of education for sustainable
development to build a global culture of ecological responsibility
• Human Rights Education
✓ focus on the
values, principles & standards, & human rights & how they can be
translated into day-to-day actions
• Cultural Globalization
✓ rapid traversing
of ideas, attitudes and values across national borders that generally leads to
an interconnectedness and interaction between peoples of diverse cultures and
ways of life
• Family
✓ smallest social
institution
✓ conjugal family -
h/w/c
✓ consanguine
family - h/w+p/s/etc.
• Polygamy
✓ man & 2+
woman
• Polyandry
✓ woman & 2+
man
• Cenogamy
✓ polygamy +
polyandry (group marriage)
• Patrilocal
✓ married lives w/
husband's side
• Matrilocal
✓ married lives w/
wife's side
• Neolocal
✓ married lives by
themselves
• Patriarchal
✓ father is
dominant
• Matriarchal
✓ mother is
dominant
• Equilitarian
✓ f & m share
in making decision