PHILIPPINE LITERATURE


Pre-Spanish Period – oral

       -      Own literature that reflects our own race

       -      Shows our customs & traditions in evereday life

       -      Own alphabet known as baybayin

       -      Records were written on leaves & bamboo cylinder,     bark of trees and caves

       -      Legend , folk tales, epics, folk songs , riddles, chants, proverbs & saying

-      Epics –Hudhod & Alim- Ifugao

 

              1.    Ybalon – Bikolano

              2.    Biag ni Lam-Ang – Ilokano

              3.    Bidasari – Muslim

 

Spanish Period

 

       -      Alibata was replaced by Roman alphabet

       -      Teachings of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices

       -      Spanish language gave many of its words to our language

       -      European legends & traditions were assimilated in our songs, corridos, Moro-Moro

       -      Ancient literature was collected & translated to Tagalog & other dialects

       -      Grammar books were printed in Filipino

       -      Periodicals gained a religious tone

First Books

Doctrina Christiana – first book printed in the Phil. In 1593

-written by Fr. Juan de Placencia & Fr. Domingo Nieva

Barlaan at Josephat – first Tagalog novel published in the Philippines.

Pasion – life & sufferings of Jesus Christ

Urbana at Felisa – book by Modesto de Castro (Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog)

       -Letters between two sisters dealing with good behavior.

-

Vocabulario Dela Lengua Tagala – first Tagalog dictionary by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura

Recreational Plays

1.    Tibag – search of St. Helena for the cross on which Jesus died.

2.    Cenaculo – dramatic performance to commemorate the passion & death of Jesus Christ

3.    Panunuluyan – presentation of the search of Virgin Mary & St. Joseph for an inn to deliver the baby Jesus

4.    Salubong – Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen Christ & his mother.

5.    Zarzuela – father of drama musical comedy/melodrama dealing with man’s passions & emotions.

6.    Moro-moro – play about the fighting between Moros & Christians

7.    Duplo/Karagatan – played during wakes for the dead

-princess who dropped her ring in the middl of the sea

8.    Balagtasan – Debate in poetic verse; created during the American Colonization of the Philippines.

9.    Awit – Metrical romance that is sung or said in fast beat. Subject is mostly about legends and fantasy.

Corrido or metrical romance that tackles in narrative form the life and adventures of persons.

Period of Enlightenment – nationalism

- Filipinos demanded changes in the government and in the church.

1.    Propaganda Movement – leaders

Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena

A.Jose Rizal – Laong Laan & Dimasalang

                 -Noli and Fili

B.Marcelo H. del Pilar – Plaridel, pupdoh, Piping Dilat and Dolores Manapat

-Pag- ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa, Dasalan at Tuksuhan

C.    Graciano Lopez Jaena

-first magazine – La Solidaridad

-Ang Fray Boto

D.    Other Propagandists

-Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Pedro Paterno (Ninay-first social novel im Spanish by a Filipino, Jose Panganiban.

-Period of Active Revolution

       -Reforms demanded by propagandists were not given attention

       -No other way except to revolt

       -Leaders were Andres Bonifacio

       – father of Filipino Democracy, Father of Katipunan (KKK), Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.

       -Emilio Jacinto- Brains of the Katipunan, Katrilya ng           Katipunan, Liwanag at dilim

       -Apolinario Mabini – Sublime Paralytic brains of the                   Revolution

       -Jose Palma – Phil. National Anthem

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American Regime

-Literature had the theme of nationalism but was stopped due to suppression done by the Americans

-English became the medium literary pieces

       Writers – Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerero, Jesus balmori & Claro M.Recto, Lope K. Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Amado V. Hernandez, Inigo Ed Regalado

-Severino Reyes – Father of the Tagalog drama – Walang Sugat

-Pedro Bukaned – Father of Ilocano Literature

-Claro Caluya – Prince of Ilocano poets

-Leon Pichay – best Bukanegero

-

-Sursum Corda (poem) first work to be published in English

In 1919 the UP College Folio published the literary compositions of the first Filipino writers in English.

-Short Story – Dead Stars by Paz Marqueez benitez became the model of perfection

Japanese Literature

-Newspaper in English were stopped by the Japanese LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance

- HAIKU, TANAGA

- Movie houses were closed showing American films

-Writers were Jose Ma. Hernandez, Francisco Soc Rodrigo, Julian Cruz Balmaceda, NVM Gonzales, Liwayway Arceo, Carlos P. Romulo and Carlos Bulosan

-

Rebirth of Freedom

1945 – American returned

- Proliferation of newspaper FREE PRESS, MORNING SUN, Manila Times Philippine

Heral, Chronicle, Bulletin

-Poems, novel m short stories

-Without Seeing the Dawn by Javellana

Palanca Awards – Kuwento ni Mabuti-Genoveva Edroza (1950-51) (first award)

Period of Activism – because of the ills of society, the youth moved to seek reforms

       -Martial Law

       -Writings were rebellious

       -Placards in red bearing the sign MAKIBAKA

       -Period of terror % wrath

New Society

Age of Ninoy Aquino’s martyrdom People’s Power

-Rebirth of newspapers, books

-Songs – Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo/Bayan Ko


AFRO – ASIAN LITERATURE


Chinese Literature – one of the major cultural heritage of the world

Poetry – characterized by compactness & brevity

Confucius or Kung Fu-tze – first sage of China who wanted to make education available to all men.

Great Techer – proponent of Chinese Literature SHIH CHING – first anthology of Chinese poetry


Five Books

1.          Yiking (Book of Chnges) divination

2.          Liking (Book of Ceremonies) etiquette

3.          Shuking (Book of Historical Documents) political ideas & fundamentals of good government

4.          Shiking (Book of Poetry) best poems

5.          Chun Chiu (Spring & Autumn) history of Confucius native provinc

Teachings

Principles of courage & prudence Filial duty

Selecting friends

-      Good human relations

-      Good government

-      Value of education & self-criticis,

Analects – are selection or parts of literary works

Ex.

1.          If a man in the morning hear the right way, he may die in the evening without regret

2.          I am not concerned that I am not know but I seek to ve worthy to be known.

3.          When we see men of worth, we should think of equaling them, when we see men of Contrary character, we should turn inwards & examine ourselves.

4.          Give man a fish & you feed him for a day, teach man to fish and you feed him for life.

Arabia

A Thousand & One nights – a collection of stores and folk tales compiled in Arabic.

Ex. Aladdin, Ali Baba and Forty Thieves and Sinbad the Sailor

- Kahlil Gibran – great poet

Indian Literature – oldest sacred literature is found in four VEDAS (knowledge)


a.          Rigveda – oldest – Veda of Praise

b.          Brahmanas – rituals & prayers

c.           Upanishads – discoursesbetween teachers & pupils

d.          Puranas – history of the Aryan race

Mahabharata (Hindu Epic) – Cosmology, statecraft, philosophy, science of war

-Longest poem in the world about the bitter quarrel of two brothers – Pandu & Karu (Pandavas are unjustly deprived of the ancestral kingdom of their woicked sons)

Hindu proverb – I weep because I have no shoes, unitl I saw a man without feet

Ramayana (Hindu epic) – It depicts the duties of relationship portraying ideal characters like the ideal servant, ideal brother, ideal wife and ideal king

Kalidasa – poet know for Sakuntala/greatest Sanskrit playwright ang poets

Rabindranath Tagore – best know of all recent writers in India

- Masterpiece – Gitanjali

Hebrew Literature

Bible – book of all books, 39 books Old Testatament/27 books – New Testament

-Literature that provokes another literature

-Most famous works in the hebew literature is the Old Testament

-Genesis

-Ten Commandments

-David & Goliath

-Ecclesiates- To everything there is season and a time to every purpose under heaven; a time to love and a time to hate, a time of war & a time of peace

Psalm of David (Psalm 23)

   The Lord is my shepherd I shall not want.

Story of Joseph and Story of Ruth

Persian Literature – Iran

Rubaiyat – Omar Khayyam (tent-maker) poem of high divine and spiritual meaning. The beauty and simplicity of this poem is so immaculate that is why people of all faiths seek divine solace.

Egyptian Literature – Pharaog, pyramids, mummies, papyrus Book of the Dead,

Hymns to the Sun- Godm Rosetta Stone- reveals the antiquity of

Egypt Egyptian writing – hieroglyphics

Poem- To Whom Should I Speak Today

Japanese Literature


1.          NOH DRAMA – dramatic dance with lyrical poetic texts and masked actors

2.          HAIKU – 7 syllable poetic form usually about nature

3.          WAKA – 31 syllable classical poetry

4.          KABUKI – Japanese dance drama

5.          KOJIKI – (Record of Ancient Matters) earliest surving work in Japan



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