LINGUISTICS

Language Theory and Language Teaching

History of English Language Indo-European Family of Language

CELTIC

WELSH = WALES

CORNISH = CORNWELL

BRETON = ENGLISH

4 MACRO SKILLS

·        LISTENING

·        SPEAKING

·        READING

·        WRITING

4 COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCIES

·        GRAMMATICAL

·        DISCOURSE

·        SOCIOCULTURAL/SOCIOLINGUISTIC

·        STRATEGIC

4 CUEING SYSTEMS

·        PHONOLOGY

·        MORPHOLOGY

·        SEMANTICS

·        SYNTAX

4 COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCIES

·        If  a student shows skill in pronouncing the  vowel sounds correctly

·        If a student utters “bookish” because he doesn’t know how to pertain to a person who is only good at theory but not in practice

·        If a student can monitor his words and his actions based on the norms of a particular place

·        If a student can use the language beyond sentential level

4 CUEING SYSTEMS

·        If a student can verbalize written symbols

·        If a student can list the synonyms of a given word

·        If a student can provide proper affixation

·        If a student can analyze the structure of a particular language

PHONOLOGY

·        The Parts of the Speech Mechanism

·        The Sounds of English

-       Voicing

-       Manner of Articulation

-       Point of Articulation

VOICING MANNER POINT

 

·        S                                                       11. SH

·        TS                                                     12. ZH

·        NG                                                    13. G

·        M                                                      14. T

·        W                                                      15. D

·        DZ                                                     16. N

·        K                                                       17. L

·        B                                                       18. R

·        P                                                       19. Z

·        F                                                       20. V

MORPHOLOGY
BOUND OR FREE	INFLECTIONAL OR DERIVATIONAL
·        TEACH ·        UN ·        JUMP ·        MIS ·        WRITE ·        EN ·        BI ·        TYPE	·        JUMPER ·        WRITER ·        WRITTEN ·        TAKEN ·        COUNTER ·        WALKED ·        WALKER

SEMANTICS

·        SYNONYMY

·        ANTONYMY

·        HYPONYMY

-       Homophone

-       Homograph

-       Homographic Homophone

HOMOGRAPH, HOMOPHONE, OR HOMOGRAPHIC HOMOPHONE
·        Bear (the animal) and bear (to carry) ·        Wind (moving air) and wind (to mend) ·        Stares (to look) and stairs (ladder) ·        Back (body part) and back (return)	5. Lead (to be in a forefront) and lead (element)   6. Read (present) and read (past)   7. Bare (nude) and bear (animal)

SYNTAX

PHRASE, CLAUSE, SENTENCE

 

Run!

The man is

The man inside the very big house on the street

 

PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES

·        The very pretty nurse inside the very big house is writing a very short note on a white sheet.

·        The very pretty nurse inside the very big house on the narrow street has written a very short note on a white sheet.

·        The very pretty nurse writes a very substantial report.

·        Run!

 

SENTENCE

·        MOODS

-       Declarative (Indicative)

-       Interrogative

-       Imperative

-       Exclamatory*

-       Subjunctive*

 

Zero Conditional

·        This refers to a conditional sentence that states a simple implication. The dependent and the main clause are in the present tense because this type of conditional expresses a universally accepted fact.

-       If the soil is soft, Ezinma and Obiageli don’t need to dig hard for cassava.

 

First Conditional

·        This type of conditional sentence expresses a situation that concerns a hypothetical but possible future event. The dependent clause is in the present tense while the main clause is in the future tense.

-       If Okonkwo returns home, he will receive a hero’s welcome.

Second Conditional

·        This conditional sentence expresses a hypothetical situation that is unlikely to happen. The dependent clause is in the simple past tense while the main clause is in the conditional mood (would + base form of the verb).

-       If Okonkwo were to decide on the undertakings of the feast, he would want it to be more extravagant.

Third Conditional

·        This conditional sentence connotes a situation that is impossible to happen because it already transpired in the past. The dependent clause must be in the past perfect tense, and the main clause must be in the conditional perfect mood (would + have + past participial form of the verb).

·        If Ezinma had planted more cassava during spring, she would have harvested more for the feast.

SENTENCE

·        Theme and Rheme

·        The Cub Scouts held the carwash despite the rain.

·        The carwash was held by the Cub scouts despite the rain.

·        Despite the rain, the Cub Scouts held the carwash

·        Voice (Active or Passive)

LANGUAGE TEACHING

·        Classical Greek and Medieval Latin

-       Teaching people to use foreign languages

§  Direct approaches to convey from and meaning

§  Aural and Oral Techniques

·        Renaissance

-       Printing Press

-       Johan Amos Comenius (1631)

§  Use of imitation

§  Repetition

§  Limited vocabulary

§  Practice reading and speaking

·        1860’s  KARL PLOETZ (Grammar Translation)

·        1880 FRANCOIS GOUIN (Direct Method)

·        1886 PASSY, SWEET, VIETOR (IPA)

·        1941 MICHAEL WEST (Reading Approach)

·        1945 Audiolingual (USA) OSA (UK)

TYPES OF GRAMMAR

§  Descriptive- describes grammatical constructions used in a language

§  Pedagogical- specifically designed for teaching a foreign language

§  Prescriptive-governs socially correct use of language

§  Reference-most comprehensive and used as reference

§  Theoretical-determine what constructs are needed to do grammatical analysis

§  Traditional Grammar

LANGUAGE TEACHING

·        This type of conditional sentence expresses a situation that concerns a hypothetical but possible future event. The dependent clause is in the present tense while the main clause is in the future tense.

·        -If Okonkwo returns home, he will receive a hero’s welcome.

 

APPROACH

METHOD

TECHNIQUE

REFERENCES

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language by David Crystal

Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language by Marian Celce-Murcia

The Grammar Book by Diane Larsen-Freeman and Marian Celce-Murcia

The History of the English Langauge by Albert C. Baugh

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