What are the common views on language?
What are the common views on language learning?
What are the common views on language?
·
Language
is a linguistic system made up of
various subsystems. Learning a
language is to learn its vocabulary and structural
rules.
·
Structural view:
· Language is a linguistic system made up of various subsystems. Learning a language is to learn its vocabulary and structural rules.
Ferdiand de
Saussure
(1857-1913 )
· Language is a linguistic system as well as a means for doing things. Learners learn a language in order to do things with it (use it).
·
Functional view:
·
Language
is a linguistic system as well as a means for
doing things. Learners learn a language in order to do things with it (use it).
Professor M A K
Halliday
·
Language
is a communicative tool to maintain social
relations. Learners need to know the rules of a language and where,
when and
how it is appropriate to use them.
·
Interactional view:
· Language is a communicative tool to maintain social relations. Learners need to know the rules of a language and where, when and how it is appropriate to use them.
John Dewey
(1859-1952)
Lev Vygosky
(1896-1934)
Structural
view: Language is a linguistic system made up of structural
rules and vocabulary.
Functional
view: Language is a linguistic system as well as
a means for doing things (to be used in real life).
Interactional view: Language is a communicative tool to maintain social relations.
Your view of language determines your way of teaching.
What
will be your focus in teaching?
·
Structural view– knowledge:
vocabulary and grammar (sentence patterns)
·
Functional view– communicative
categories, communicative ability (to be able to communicate)
· Interactional view– to communicate appropriately (communicative strategies, cultural awareness, etc.)
Your
view of language determines
your teaching methods.
Your
teaching methods is a major factor to determine whether you’ll be a good language teacher or not.
What are the common views on language learning?
|
Behaviorism |
Pavlov
Skinner |
Imitation
& repetition (S-R-R) |
External
factors |
|
Cognitivism |
Chomsky |
Thinking
(creativity) |
Internal
factors |
|
Constructivism |
Piaget Dewey Dewey |
Personal
construction |
Interaction |
|
Social- constructivism |
Vygosky |
ZPD
& scaffolds |
|
Behaviorism |
Skinner |
mitation &
repetition (S-R-R) |
External
factors |
·
Representatives (Pavlov; Skinner)
Ivan Pavlov: S-R
(1849-1936)
B. F. Skinner: S-R-R
(1904 - 1990)
Behaviorist view of language and
learning
·
All
complex forms of behaviors can be
learned by Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement.
·
Language is a form of behavior.
· Language can be learned as animals are trained to respond to stimuli (by mechanical drills such as imitation & repetition).
Audio-Lingual Method
Leonard Bloomfield
(1887-1949)
‘Listen and repeat’ drilling activities
are the most important classroom activities.
Mistakes are immediately corrected
and correct utterances are immediately praised.
Cognitive theory
|
Cognitivism |
Chomsky |
Thinking (creativity) |
Internal factors |
- Representative (Chomsky)
- Cognitive view of language and learning
- The influence
Noam Chomsky
(1928--)
Cognitive view of language and learning
·
If all language is learned by imitation and
repetition, how can a child produce a sentence that has never been said by
others before?
·
Is my mum taking me to the doctor so that she
can doc me?
· Language is a rule-based system and with a knowledge of the finite rules (language competence), infinite sentences can be produced
Influence of cognitive theory
Learners should be allowed to create
their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules (creativity)
Constructivist theory
|
Constructivism |
Personal construction |
Interaction |
·
Representative (Piaget; Bruner; Dewey)
· Constructivist view of language and learning
Jean Piaget
(1896 – 1980)
Piaget’s
views and influence
Learning is a personal construction of knowledge to be learned based on the learner’s previous experience.
|
Learner’s
experience |
Learner’s personal
construction |
|
Knowledge
to be learned |
John Dewey
(1859-1952)
Dewey’s views and influence
·
Learning by doing
·
Teaching should be built on
learners’ experience and engage learners in learning activities.
· Teachers need to design environments and interact with learners.
Social-constructivist theory
|
Social- constructivism |
Vygosky |
ZPD & scaffolds |
Interaction |
Representative
(Vygosky)
Social-constructivist view
of language and learning and the influence
Lev Vygosky
(1896-1934)
Social-constructivist views of
language and language learning
·
Interaction
and engagement with the target language in a social context is important.
·
ZPD—Zone of Proximal Development
Zone
of Proximal Development & scaffolding
Social-constructivist views of
language and language learning
·
Interaction
and engagement with the target language in a social context is important.
·
ZPD—Zone
of Proximal Development
·
Scaffolding—learning is best
achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner (question
& explanation) the learners (a
more capable peer’s support)