MGA URI NG PANGUNGUSAP
WALANG PAKSA:
1.
EKSISTENSYAL – mayroong isa o higit pang tao
1.
Halimbawa:
Mayroon daw puno sa bakuran.
2.
MODAL – nais/pwede/maari (Gusto ko matulog.)
3.
PANLIPUNAN – pagbati, pagbigay galang atbp.
4.
SAGOT LAMANG – “Talaga?”, “Oo”
5.
SAMBITLA – masidhing damdamin (Aray!)
6.
TEMPORAL – panandaliang kalagayan o panahon
KAYARIAN:
1.
PAYAK – iisang kaisipan
2.
TAMBALAN – dalawang sugnay na ‘di makapag-iisa
3.
HUGNAYAN – madalas nagsisimula sa kung, dahil sa
4.
LANGKAPAN – mahabang pangungusap
MGA URI NG KWENTO
1.
PABULA (fable) – hayop
2.
PARABULA (parable)– Bibliya
3.
ANEKDOTA (anecdote) – tunay na buhay
4.
MITOLOHIYA (myth) – diyos at diyosa (pinagmulan)
ASPEKTO NG PANDIWA (Verb)
1.
PERPEKTIBO – tumakbo
2.
IMPERPEKTIBO – tumatakbo
3.
KONTEMPLATIBO – tatakbo
KAANTASAN NG PANG-URI (Adjective)
1. LANTAY – walang pinaghahambingan
2. PAHAMBING – inihahalintulad
3. PASUKDOL – nangingibabaw (H: pinakamataas)
MGA URI NG TULA
1.
PATULA (Moro-moro)
2.
PASALAYSAY (Epiko, Awit, Korido)
MGA AWITING BAYAN
1.
DALIT/HIMNO – pagsamba sa anito o pang-relihiyon
2.
DIONA – kasal
3.
DUNG-AW – patay (pagdadalamhati)
4.
KALUSAN – paggawa
5.
KUMINTANG – tagumpay (pandigma)
6.
KUNDIMAN – pag-ibig
7.
OYAYI – pagpapatulog ng bata
8.
SOLIRANIN – pagsasagwan
9.
TALINDAW – pamamangka
PAGBABAGONG MORPONEMIKO
1.
ASIMILASYON – Parsyal (pangsukli), Ganap (panukli)
2.
MAY ANGKOP – wikain mo – “kamo”
3.
MAYSUDLONG/PAGDARAGDAG NG PONEMA- muntik –
muntikan, pagmuntikan, pagmuntikanan
4.
METATESIS – linipad – nilipad
5.
PAGKAKALTAS NG PONEMO – takipan – takpan
6.
PAGLILIPAT-DIIN – laRUan (playground) - laruAN (toy)
7.
PAGPAPALIT NG PONEMA – madapat – marapat
MGA URI NG PANGHALIP/PRONOUNS
1.
PANAO/PERSONAL PRONOUN – ako/I etc.
2.
PAMATLIG/DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN – ito/this etc.
3.
PANAKLAW/INDEFINITE P. - isa, all, anyone
etc.
4.
PATULAD – ganito, ganyan atbp.
5.
PANANONG/INTERROGATIVE P. – sino, when etc.
6.
PAMANGGIT/RELATIVE P. – daw, umano,
which, who
MGA AKDANG NA MAY
IMPUWENSYA SA MUNDO
AKLAT NG MGA ARAW – China (by
Confucius)
AKLAT NG MGA PATAY – Egypt cults
& myths (by Osiris)
AWIT NI ROLANDO-France (by Doce
Pares, Roncesvalles)
BIBLIYA – Palestino at
Greece
CANTEBURY TALES – America (by
Chaucer)
DIVINE COMEDIA – Italy (by Dante)
EL CID COMPEADOR – katangian at
history ng Spain
ILIAD o ODYSSEY – Myths of Greece
made by Homer.
ISANG LIBO’T ISANG GABI – Ugali sa Arabia
at Persia
KORAN – Arabia (Muslim
Bible)
MAHABRATA – India
UNCLE TOM’S CABIN – about slaves
that becomes the basis of democracy. (by Harriet Beecher Stowe of U.S.)
MGA URI NG PANITIKAN
1. TULUYAN – binubuo ng mga
pangungusap
A. NOBELA – binubuo ng mga
kabanata
B. DULA – pagtatanghal sa
entablado
MGA DULANG PANLIBANGAN:
a.
TIBAG – Sta. Elena
b.
LAGAY – Pilarenos ng Sorsogon
c.
PANUNULUYAN – pagtatanghal bago mag-alas dose (12PM)
ng gabi ng kapaskuhan
d.
PANUBOL – parangal sa may kaarawan
e.
KARILYO – ala-puppet show
f.
KURIDO – katapangan, kabayanihan, kababalaghan,
pananampalataya
g.
SARSUELA – musical tungkol sa pag-ibig,
paghihiganti atbp. masisidhing damdamin
C. ALAMAT – pinagmulan
D. ANEKDOTA – ugali, may
mabuting aral
2. PATULA - may
sukat,pantig,tugma,taludtod,saknong
A. TULANG PASALAYSAY - mahahalagang
tago o pangyayari sa buhay.
a. EPIKO – kabayanihan sa
kababalaghan
·
BIDASARI, PARANG SABIR – Moro
·
BIAG NI LAM ANG – Iloko
·
MARAGTAS, HARAYA, LAGDA AT HARI SA BUKID – Bisaya
·
KUMINTANG – Tagalog
·
DAGOY AT SUDSUD – Tagbanua
·
TATUANG – Bagobo
b. AWIT o KORIDO - kaharian
c. TULA NG DAMDAMIN o LIRIKI – own feeling
MGA TULANG LIRIKO:
·
AWITING BAYAN – kalungkutan
·
ELEHIYA – yumao
·
DALIT – pagpupuri sa Diyos
·
PASTORAL – buhay sa bukid
·
ODA – papuri
B. TULANG DULA O PANGTANGHALAN
a.
KOMEDYA
b.
MELODRAMA – musical
c.
TRAHEDYA – death of main character
d.
PARSA – mga pangyayaring nakakatawa
e.
SAYNETE -karaniwang pag-uugali ng tao/ pook
C. TULANG PATNIGAN
a.
KARAGATAN – alamat ng singsing ng prinsesa na
naihulog niya sa dagat sa hangaring mapangasawa ang kasintahang mahirap.
b.
DUPLO – paligsahan ng husay sa pagtula
c.
BALAGTASAN – pumalit sa Duplo
FIGURES OF SPEECH/TAYUTAY
PAG-UUGNAY O PAGHAHAMBING:
1.
SIMILE/PAGTUTULAD – mayroong pangatnig
2.
METAPHOR/PAGWAWANGIS – walang pangatnig
3.
ALUSYON – iba’t ibang aspekto ng buhay ng tao
4.
METONYMY/PAGPAPALIT-TAWAG
5.
SYNECDOCHE/SINEKDOKE – pagbanggit ng
isa upang tukuyin ang kabuuan Hal: Dalawang bibig ang umaasa kay Romeo.
PAGLALARAWAN:
6.
HYPERBOLE/ PAGMAMALABIS o EKSAHERASYON
7.
APOSTROPHE/PAGTAWAG – pakikipag-usap sa hindi buhay o
malayong tao. Hal: Ulan, tumigil ka na.
8.
EXCLAMATION/PAGDARAMDAM – strong feeling.
9.
PARADOX/PARADOKS -“malayo ma’y malapit pa rin”
10. OXYMORON/PAGTATAMBIS
-
paradox w/ extra words
PAGSASALIN NG
KATANGIAN:
11. PERSONIFICATION/PAGSASATAO
PAGSASATUNOG:
12. ONOMATOPOEIA/PANGHIHIMIG
–
tunog ang paksa
13. ALLITERATION/PAG-UULIT
–
repetition of 1st letter in the 1st word. Ex: Dinggin mo ang Diyos na
Dinadakila
14. REPITASYON – repetition of
phrase. Ex: Tama! Tama!...
IBA PANG TAYUTAY NA GAMIT SA TULA:
ALITERASYON – unang titik o
pantig ay pare-pareho
ANADIPLOSIS – paggamit ng
salita sa unahan at hulihan
EPIPORA – pag-uulit ng
salita sa hulihan
PAG-UYAM – sarcasm
LITOTES – pagtanggi o
pagkukunwari.
TALUDTOD – linya sa tula
UNFAMILIAR PARTS OF THE SPEECH
1.
PREPOSITIONS-on, under, off, by, in near, for, to,
since
2.
CONJUNCTIONS (PANGATNIG) - para/for,
at/and, nor, or, pero/but, yet, so, ni, ngunit
3.
INTERJECTION – with exclamation mark
PROPER SEQUENCE OF WORDS IN A
SENTENCE
1.
ARTICLES
– a, an, the
2.
OPINION
3.
SIZE
4.
AGE
5.
SHAPE
6.
COLOR
7.
MATERIAL
8.
PURPOSE
CLASSIFICATIONS OF POEM
1.
BALLAD – narrative, less folk tale/legend, to be
sung
2.
BLACK VERSE – with meter but no rhyme
3.
DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE – written in form of speech for
individual character.
4.
ELEGY –death of individual
5.
EPIC – tells a story about heroic figure
6.
EULOGY – message for the dead
7.
FREE VERSE (vers libre) – without meter but with
rhyme
8.
HAIKU – Japanese poem about nature. 5, 7, 5 (3
lines and 17 syllables)
9.
IDYLL (Idyl) – peaceful, idealized country
scene
10. LYRICS - thoughts and
feelings
11. NARRATIVE – tells story
12. ODE -typically
serious/meditative nature, type of Lyric
13. PASTORAL –rural life in
peaceful & romanticized way
14. SONNET – Lyric poem
consists of 14 lines
15. TANKA – Japanese poem:
5 lines, 31 syllables
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONS
BIAK NA BATO – pact, thought
of 1st Republic.
-
Spainards
paid P200 000
1. MALOLOS CONSTITUTION –
Apolinario Mabini
-
rights
of soldiers
-
no
Visayas yet in right of territories
2. 1935 CONSTITUTION – adapted from
American Const.
3. 1943 CONSITUTION - Jose P.
Laurel
-
Japan
invades but gave freedom for Phil. to rule.
4. 1937 CONSTITUTION – Ferdinand
Marcos
-
Martial
Law – 60days max
-
Nat’l
Territory forced Kalayaan grp. of Islands & Saba
5. 1987 CONSTITUTION - 18 articles
-
past
chairwoman: Cecilla Muñoz Palma (Feb 2, 1987)
-
Bill
of Rights are for the criminals
JUS SANGUINI – blood JUS
SOLI – place
SOME TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS
1. COMMUNIST – classless
society
-
State
plans and controls economy
2. PARLIAMENTARY – majority of
people voted
3. REPUBLICAN – power comes
from people
PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS
ACTS
1. ASSOCIATION OF SE ASIAN NATIONS
(ASEAN)
-
Myanmar,
Cambodia, Laos, Brunei, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam,
Malaysia
2. BELL TRADE (PHILIPPINE TRADE ACT)
– bet. Phil. & U.S.
3. KYOTO PROTOCOL (UNNCC)
-
fight
global warming decreasing green house gases
4. RIO DE JANEIRO CONVENTION
-
environment
and sustainable development
5. TEJEROS CONVENTION – election
-
Bonifacio
elected as Director Imperior
6. TREATY ON GENERAL RELATIONS
-
recognition
of U.S. to Philippine freedom
7. UNDERWORLD-SIMMONS ACT – full
free foreign trade
8. PAYNE ALDRICH ACT – partial free
foreign trade
MISSIONARIES AND EXPEDITIONS
1.
AUGUSTINIAN – most intelligent
2.
FRANCISCAN – sends medical aids
3.
JESUITS
4.
DOMINICANS – richest
5.
RECOLECTS – most killed schools
MARTYR PRIESTS
1. BURGOS – youngest, mastermind of
secularization
2. GOMEZ – Oldest, likes “sabong”
and hid there
HOMO HABILIS – man of steel
(bighead, uses muscle)
HOMO ERECTUS – man who
discovered fire & clothes
HOMO SAPIENS – thinking man
(can produce materials)
UNFAMILIAR BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY
ANATOMY – inner organs
ENTOMOLOGY – insects
BIOCHEMISTRY – chemical
patterns of animals
ECOLOGY – living things
bet. Each other in environment
EMBRYOLOGY – developmental
patterns fr. zygote-birth
GENETICS – heredity
MYCOLOGY – fungi
HERPETOLOGY – reptiles and
amphibians
HISTOLOGY – plant and
animal tissues
MORPHOLOGY – phenotype
(appearance)
ORNITHOLOGY – birds
PARASITOLOGY – parasites
PALEONTOLOGY – fossils of
animals and plants
PHYSIOLOGY – function of
tissue, organ & system
TAXONOMY – classification
of living organisms
SCIENCE PROPONENTS
CAROLUS LINNAEUS – Father of
Taxonomy
ROBERT HOOKE – termed “cells”
(cellulae)
ANTON VAN LEUWENHOEK – 1st person to
observe microscopic organisms (animal cule)
ROBERT BROWN – discovered
Nucleus
MATTHIAS SCHIEDEN (Botanist) &
THEODORE (Zoologist)
-
found
all plants consist of cells
RUDOLF VIRCHOW – proposed cells
come fr. existing cells
EARTH’S SPHERES
ATMOSPHERE – gaseous sphere
protection from meteors
Divided into five:
·
Troposphere
·
Stratosphere
·
Mesosphere
·
Thermosphere
·
Exosphere
HYDROSPHERE – water
LITHOSPHERE – oceanic and
continental crust
BIOSPHERE – all life forms
in Earth
CRYOSPHERE – ice
ANTHROSPHERE – ancestors
PLANETS AND THEIR SEQUENCE
1. SUN – 99.86% of Solar System
-
believed
was formed 4.6 billion years ago
-
Responsible
for weather and climate
2. MERCURY – named after Roman God
-
no
satellite and atmosphere
-
discovered
by Mariner Ten
3. VENUS – Goddess of Love and
Beauty (Mariner 2)
-
Perfect
sphere, sister planet of Earth
4. EARTH
5. MARS – God of War, red planet
(Mariner 9)
6. JUPITER -Gas Giant, fastest
rotating planet (10hrs less)
-
has
Great Red Spot: huge storm for 350yrs
7. SATURN – God of Agriculture
(chunks of rocks)
-
made
mostly of hydrogen
8. URANUS – Frederick William
Herscel
-
Sky
& Ice Giant, 3rd largest planet