Contents
·
Definition of a curriculum
·
Difference between curriculum, syllabus and
course
·
Elements of curriculum
·
Types of curriculum
·
Curriculum development basics
·
Process of curriculum development
·
Curriculum planning
Definition
· The word curriculum has Latin origin. It is a runway, a course to which one runs to reach a goal.
· “A course to which one runs to reach a goal.”
· “Curriculum is a fixed program of courses.”
· “Planned experiences (Curricular and co-curricular) offered to the learner under the guidance of school.”
· “A body of prescribed educative experiences under school supervision.”
· “Curriculum means all these activities which are provided inside or out side school to the student in order to achieve predetermined goal”
· Curriculum Development can be defined as the systematic planning of what is taught and learned in schools as reflected in courses of study and school programs.
· Curriculum is an educational program that include the following: program of studies, program of activities & program of guidance.
Related
Terms
· Curriculum is “Planned experiences (Curricular and co-curricular) offered to the learner under the guidance of school.”
· Whereas Syllabus includes a list of topics and subtopics related to a subject.
·
Education imparted in a series of lessons or
class meetings is called course.
Elements
·
Objectives
·
Content
·
Method of Teaching
· Evaluation
Objectives:
· “Objectives are expected result before the completion of work”
·
There are two types of objectives:
ü
General objective
ü Specific objective
Needs
of Objectives
·
Children needs
·
Society needs
·
National needs
·
Philosophical needs
·
Cultural needs
·
Religious needs
· Trend and issue in country
Contents:
· “Content contains and values, culture, social needs, festivals, history and present needs”
· Content is prepared according to objectives.
Teaching
Methods:
· “By changing contents and objective teaching method will also change”
· Teaching method are planned according to content
Different
Teaching Methods:
·
lecture method
·
book reading
·
discussion method
·
experiment method
·
demonstration method
·
project method
·
problem solving
·
inductive method
·
deductive method
· playing method
Evaluation:
· “It is a process by which we want to know to what extent the objectives have been achieved”
· To what extent teaching method was successful and either content was related to the objective or not.
Curriculum
Evaluation
· A continuous process for collecting information about all the elements and outcomes of the curriculum to help arrive at an understanding of the extent to which they have been achieved and subsequently take decisions to improve their efficacy.
Types
of Evaluation
·
placement evaluation
·
formative evaluation
·
diagnostic evaluation
· summative evaluation
Types
of Curriculum:
·
Recommended Curriculum
·
Ideal Curriculum
·
Entitlement Curriculum
·
Intended Curriculum
·
Supported Curriculum
·
Implemented Curriculum
· Achieved Curriculum
Definitions:
RECOMMENDED CURRICULUM
· It is presented by experts
IDEAL CURRICULUM
· It is also presented and recommended by expert ideal curriculums also called recommended curriculum
ENTILEMENT CURRICULUM
· It is selected by society and according to the needs and interest of people of society.
INTENDED CURRICULUM
· It is prepared by institution for the fulfillment of a course and syllabus.
SUPPORTED CURRICULUM
· It is the curriculum which is supported and supervises by human and material resource and it is thought by the availability of resources.
IMPLEMENTED CURRICULUM.
· It is also called real curriculum it is that curriculum which is implemented in the classroom in real situation.
ACHIEVED CURRICULUM
·
it is prepared by implemented curriculum and by
opinion of teacher concern in this curriculum teacher gives his point of view
that which portion in curriculum can be removed or added.
Sources of Curriculum Design:
·
Science as Source
·
Society as Source
·
Eternal and Divine Sources
·
Knowledge as a Source
·
The Learner as a Source
Science
as a Source
·
The scientific method provides meaning for the
curriculum design.
·
Only those items that can be observed and
quantified should be included.
·
Problem-solving should have the prime position
in the curriculum, i.e., stress thinking.
·
Procedural knowledge or knowledge of process.
·
The curriculum teaches rational processes for
dealing with reality.
Society
as a Source
·
Curriculum is an agent of society.
·
Curriculum are designed to serve the broad
social interests of society, as well as the local community.
·
Society shows where to modify the curriculum.
·
Support is shown for society as a curriculum
source since the universe is becoming, rather than existing for our detached
scientific viewing.
External
Sources
·
Curriculum design should be intended to
perpetuate society.
·
It should pass on the significance of people's
values and personal morality.
·
Today these sources are reflected through the
curriculum designer's values and personal morality.
Knowledge
as a Source
·
One of the prime sources of curriculum.
·
Disciplined knowledge has a particular structure
and a particular method(s) used to extend its boundaries.
·
Disciplined vs Undisciplined Knowledge
·
Disciplined = unique
· Undisciplined = various (training)
Learner
as a Source
·
Curriculum is derived from what we know about
the learner.
·
We draw much from the psychological foundations.
·
Based on cognitive research.
·
Emphasizes "learning by doing".
Curriculum
Development Process
·
Philosophy of Education
·
Goals & Aims
·
General Instructional Objectives
·
Specific Instructional Objectives & Outcomes
·
Task Analysis & Content Selection
·
Learning Activities
Subject
Matter Selection
·
Criteria: relevance, importance, priority
·
Scope: amount, depth of coverage, concentration
·
Sequence: hierarchy & progression of complexity
or difficulty
Learner
Needs
·
Cognitive development
·
Linguistic development
·
Psycho-social development
·
Moral/affective development
·
Vocational focus
Needs
of Society
·
Transmission of values & culture
·
Literacy
·
Vocational skills
·
Social order & morality
·
Interpersonal skills
·
Creativity & innovation
Curriculum
Models
·
Are based on a body of theory about teaching
& learning.
·
Are targeted to needs & characteristics of a
particular group of learners.
·
Outline approaches, methods & procedures for
implementation.
Model
of Curriculum Design
·
The nature & structure of knowledge
·
The needs of the society
·
The needs of the learner
Four
Points in Curriculum Models
·
What educational purposes should the school seek
to attain?
·
What educational experiences can be provided
that are likely to attain these purposes?
·
How can these educational experiences be
effectively organized?
·
How can we determine whether these purposes are
being attained?
Steps
in Curriculum Development (Tyler)
·
Selection of aims, goals and objectives;
·
Selection of learning experiences and content;
·
Organization of learning experiences;
·
Evaluation of the extent to which the objectives
have been achieved
Steps
in Curriculum Development (Taba)
·
Step 1: Diagnosis of need
·
Step 2: Formulation of objectives
·
Step 3: Selection of content
·
Step 4: Organization of content
·
Step 5: Selection of learning experiences
·
Step 6: Organization of learning experiences
·
Step 7: Determination of what to evaluate and of
the ways and means of doing it.