✓ concrete to abstract
• 10% of what you read
✓able to define,
list, describe, & explain
• 20% of what you hear
✓able to define,
list, describe, & explain
• 30% of what you see
✓able to define,
list, describe, & explain
• 50% of what you see & hear
✓able to
demonstrate, apply, & practice
• 70% of what you say & write
✓ able to analyze,
define, create, & evaluate
• 90% of what you do
✓ able to analyze,
define, create, & evaluate
LEARNING EXPERIENCES SEQUENCE
by Edgar Dale:
✓ bottom to top of
the cone
1. Direct Purposeful Experiences
2. Contrived Experiences
3. Dramatized Experiences
4. Demonstrations
5. Field Trips
6. Exhibits
7. Motion Pictures
8. Still Pictures, Radio and Recordings
9. Visual Symbols
10. Verbal Symbols
3 CLASSIFICATION OF MEDIA
1. NON-PROJECTED MEDIA
✓ Printed Visual
Media
✓ Pictorial Visual
Media
✓ Visual Symbols
✓ Display Visual
Media
2. PROJECTED MEDIA
✓ Visual aids shown
upon a screen by a projector
✓ Printed media can
be projected through an opaque projector
3. MULTIMEDIA & HYPERMEDIA
✓ Audio Media
✓ Audio-Visual
Media
✓ Computer &
other electonic devices
✓ Can be converted
into projected aid
OTHER CLASSIFICATION OF MEDIA
1. TWO DIMENSIONAL LEARNING AIDS
✓ appear or
presented on a plane or flat surface
E.g. diagrams, charts, photographs,
graphs, etc.
2. THREE DIMENSIONAL LEARNING AIDS
✓ can be regular or
irregular in shape w/ volume
E.g. chalkboard, text book, audio-cassette,
film, videotape, and DVD, 35 mm slides, OHP, computer (e.g. PowerPoint
presentation), on-line web course, television, etc.
I.
NON-PROJECTED MEDIA
✓ allow instruction
to move from verbal representation to a more concrete level
A. PRINT MEDIA
✓ printed or
handwritten; readily available but not easy to update
✓ most commonly
used & most familiar with students
1. BOOKS/TEXTBOOKS
✓ oldest & most
common form of print media
A. Browsing Books - catching the reader's eye for random reading
B. Reference Books - designed for easy retrieval of particular
information
2. HAND-OUTS
✓ summarize the
information presented (key ideas)
✓ guide while on
discussion & serves as reference material for the learners to remember the
lesson
3. NEWSPAPER
✓ information,
opinion, entertainment provider & advertisement vehicle
✓ popular form of
print media that features politics, sport, consumer issues, education,
business, the weather, advertising, environmental details, community issues
& so on
4. WORKBOOK
✓ activity booklet,
worksheet, etc.
5. MODULE
B. PICTORIAL MEDIA
✓ use for reading
pictures in different level: Enumerative, Descriptive, Interpretative, &
Integrative
1. FLAT/STILL PICTURES
✓ cheapest &
most readily available (from newspapers, magazines, etc.)
2. PHOTOGRAPHS
✓ still pictures w/
can be mounted or unmounted
3. ILLUSTRATION
✓ non-photographic
reconstruction/representation of reality drawn/etched by illustrator
✓ show
instruction/direction
4. FLASHCARDS
✓ valuable
materials for drill activities
C. VISUAL SYMBOLS
✓ representation of
direct reality comes in the form of signs & symbols
1. CARTOONS
✓ tell stories
(issues/situation) metaphorically through pictures (need no captions) to
influence public opinion
2. POSTERS
✓ combination of
bold designs and color
✓ intended to catch
attention on a significant fact, message, ideas, concepts and generalizations
to summarize a unit
3. DRAWINGS & SKETCHES
✓ crude and simple
lines effective in presenting sufficient clarity to make the meaning vivid to
learners (no illusion of depth)
4. DIAGRAMS
✓ show arrangement
and relationship by means of lines and symbols (visual summaries of facts)
✓ work better for
summarizing rather than introducing a lesson
✓ better if it is
used simultaneously with other materials
5. CHARTS
✓ graphic or
pictorial representations of a large mass of information
✓ show progression
thru time & space of people or events, ideas & objects
6. GRAPHS
✓ present
quantitative data for easier analysis and interpretation
✓ show comparative
relationship of data involved in size, trends & growth
✓ best used in
developing and in summarizing a unit
7. STRIP DRAWING & COMIC STRIP
✓ simple, clear,
& easy to read (made personal)
✓ serves as a
valuable practice in reading & widen reading interest
8. MAPS
✓ usually shown on
flat surface & used to represent the surface/parts of the earth
✓ more detailed
than globe
D. DISPLAY MEDIA
✓ exhibiting props
for more display
1. CHALKBOARD
✓ most common
devices used by teachers & students to present data
2. MULTIPURPOSE BOARD (whiteboard)
✓ use to present
data; visual aid panels
✓ suitable for
projection of films, slides & overhead transparencies
3. BULLETIN BOARD
✓ present brief
news announcements of urgent interest posted for public notice
✓ decorative,
motivational, & instructional aids
4. CLOTH BOARD, FELTBOARD, &
MAGNETIC BOARD
✓ movable displays
can be produced
✓ may illustrate
stories, poems & other reading materials
5. FLIP CHARTS
✓ can be flipped
backwards or forwards as required in order to reveal the information on a
particular sheet
CONTRIVED EXPERIENCES MEDIA
✓ edited copies of
reality and are used as substitutes for real things when it is not practical or
possible to bring or do
6. DIORAMAS
✓ statics displays
consisting of a 3D foreground and a flat background to create a realistic scene
7. EXHIBITS
✓ displays of
various objects & visuals designed to form an integrated whole for
instructional purposes
e.g. artifacts displayed, preserved
specimen
8. MODELS
✓ 3D representation
of real things, usually in a small scale
e.g. globes, scale models, different parts
of body models, solar system simulator, etc.
9. REALIAS
✓ real objects or
part of a real objects convenienty available & safe
✓ providing
hands-on learning experiences
e.g. real objects, cutaways, specimens
10. MOCK UP/SPECIAL MODEL
✓ arrangement of a
real device or associated devices
e.g. planetarium
11. SIMULATION
✓ representation of
a manageable real event in which the learner is an active participant
e.g. fire drill, weather forecasting, etc.
12. GAME
✓ to motivate, to
add elements of competition & challenge, & to practice/refine
knowledge/skills already acquired
II.
PROJECTED MEDIA
✓ readily available
& suitable for all use at all grade levels & for instruction in all
curriculum areas
✓ teacher can
maintain eye contact with the students
1. OVERHEAD PROJECTION
✓ 1st projected
visual aids
✓ makes use of
transparency called acetate (individual sheet of transparent film) and overlays
(sheets of transparent film)
2. SLIDES
✓ more modern than
OHP
✓ small-format
photographic transparency individually mounted for one-at-time projection
✓ standard size of
slides is 5 x 5 cm
3. SOUND-SLIDES SETS
✓ slides are not
accompanied by sounds
✓ programs may be
advanced in manually or automatically
4. MULTI IMAGE PRESENTATION
✓ showing several
images simultaneously
✓ may incorporate
moving images, film or video but slides are used as foundation
5. FILMSTRIP
✓ roll of 35mm
transparent film containing a series of related still pictures intended for
showing one at a time
6. OPAQUE
✓ method of
enlarging and projecting nontransparent material on screen using document
camera
✓ more complete
room darkening is required
7. COMPUTER IMAGE PROJECTION
✓ liquid crystal
display (LCD) projections panels project computer images onto screen
✓ works as the same
as reflective OHP, minus the transparency
III.
MULTIMEDIA
✓ any combination
of text, graphics, sound, video & animation
• MULTIMEDIA APPROACH TO TEACHING
✓ appropriate and
effective selection & usage of different media in such a combination to
reach the teaching-learning objectives in the best possible manner
• HYPERMEDIA
✓ extension of the
term hypertext (the ability to open new Web pages by clicking text links on a
Web browser)
✓ a nonlinear
medium of information that includes graphics, audio, video, plain text and
hyperlinks
A. AUDIO MEDIA
✓ self study for
non readers, realistic foreign language practice, stories to stimulate the
imagination, music for physical activity & advantage to the blind &
other kinds of learners who are inclined to learn differently from the norm
e.g. radio, cassette, recorder, cd
B. AUDIO-VISUAL MEDIA
✓ involves learning
content that uses sound and vision
E.g. powerpoint presentations (complement
the standard lecture), video clips, interactive/smart whiteboard, animation,
video conferencing, TV, computer graphics, ebooks, digital portfolio, etc.
C. COMPUTER as Aid of Teaching
✓ Information Tool
e.g. info available on internet
✓ Communication
Tool
e.g. email & other socmed
✓ Constructive Tool
e.g. microsoft word & other software
✓ Situating Tool
e.g. computer simulation program
GUIDELINES IN SELECTION
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
• APPROPRIATENESS
✓ align to intended
level; basic & supplementary to curriculum
• AUTHENTICITY
✓ pesent accurate,
up-to-date & dependable info
• RELEVANCE
✓ up to date &
related to the lesson in particular and to the specific needs, problems, &
experiences of the learner
• NOVELTY
✓ possess an
element of newness
✓ can arouse the
curiosity & a sense of discovery in the learners
• INTEREST
✓ can motivate,
encourage, stimulate curiosity or satisfaction
• ORGANIZATION & BALANCE
✓ in accordance w/
principles of learning
✓ purpose of the
material must be clearly stated/perceived
• PROXIMITY
✓ group together
elements that are related w/ each other
• SIMPLICITY
✓ contains only the
essential features (not so many details)
• REPETETION
✓ uses to
established pattern
• SIZE
✓ big enough to be
seen by the farthest pupil
• CONTRAST
✓ high contrast
(dark background + lighter color text)
• DURABILITY
✓ stand several
uses
• ECONOMY/COST-EFFECTIVE
✓ worth its costs;
substitute must be consideres first
• EASY TO HANDLE
✓ easy to
manipulate, to put up & to store
TIP MODEL (Technology
Integration Program)
I. analysis of learning & teaching
needs
II. decide on objectives & assesment
methods
III. design integration strategies
IV. prepare instructional environment
V. evaluate & revise integration
strategies
EMC (EDUCATIONAL
MEDIA CENTER)
✓ Reflects and
supports the philosophy of the school
✓ Shares and
implements the school’s aims and objectives
✓ Source Center
✓ Learning Laboratory
✓ Teaching Agency
✓ Service Agency
✓ Coordinating
Agency
✓ Center of
Recreational Materials
✓ Community
Resource Center
TYPES OF ALTERNATIVE DELIVERY
SYSTEM
1. AUDIO TELECONFERENCE
✓ live exchange
& mass articulation of info among persons and machines remote from one
another but linked by a telecommunications system
2. DISTANCE EDUCATION/LEARNING
✓ Lots of
Flexibility
✓ No commuting
✓ Numerous choice
of schools
✓ Lowered cost
✓ Learn while
working
✓ Lack of social
interaction
✓ Format isn’t
ideal for all learners
✓ Some employers
don’t accept online degrees
✓ Requires
adaptability to new technologies
✓ Not all courses
required to complete the degree may be offered online
3. BROADCAST RADIO
✓ More accessible
than gas for your car or food for you belly
✓ Interactive
✓ Up to date and
Accessible
✓ Bias
✓ Fleeting
4. AUDIOGRAPHIC TELECONFERENCING
✓ “electronic
whiteboarding” or “screen sharing” ✓ form of
teleconferencing using both an audio, a data connection, & a system allow
for sharing software
5. ONLINE TECHNOLOGIES
✓ ELECTRONIC
MESSAGES
e.g. email, chat rooms
✓ ACCESS
INFORMATION
e.g. search engines
✓ DOWNLOADING
SOFTWARE
e.g. games, music
---
KINDS OF CHARTS AND EXAMPLES
1. Data Chart – quantitative data
2. Pictorial Chart – pictures to present
data
3. Schematic Chart – principle or law as
applied
4. Diagrammatic Chart – verb chart, e.g.
5. Multiple Leaf Chart – internal working
parts of a machine, e.g.
6. Phantom View Chart – shows hidden parts
w/o obliterating the outer parts
7. Development or Progress Chart – profile
of a place or a person, e.g.
8. Table chart – bus trips, e.g.
9. Time & Tabular Chart – presidents
and their term of office, e.g.
10. Stream or Tree Chart – family tree,
e.g.
11. Flow or Organizational Chart – school
personnel chart & life cycle of a frog, e.g.
KINDS OF GRAPHS
1. Line Graph
✓ most accurate
✓ used in plotting
trends of relationships between two series of data
2. Bar Graph
✓ simplest to read
(Vertical or Horizontal)
✓ lengths of the
bars represent an amount or percentage data.
3. Circle or Pie Graph
✓ used to represent
component parts (percentage or fractional) of a whole (total).
4. Area or Solid Graph
✓ used to compare
two or three related totals using geometric shapes
5. Pictorial Statistics or Pictograph
✓ use of related
pictures in showing quantitative data
MAPS ACCORDING TO CONTENT
1. Physical Map
✓ a.k.a relief map,
commercial/economic map, product/industrial map
✓ shows 3D
representation of geographical outline of land & water, & land area in
relation to the economy
2. Political map
✓ shows national
boundaries down to the smallest division
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
1. Vacuum Tube (1940-1956)
2. Transistors (1956-1963)
3. Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)
4. Microprocessors (1971-present)
5. Artificial Intelligence
(present-future)